Arthropod control composition, formulation, and method

ABSTRACT

The present invention generally relates to compositions and methods related to controlling arthropods. Embodiments of the invention include compositions for controlling an arthropod, which can include one or more plant essential oils and methods for using these compositions. The plant essential oils, when combined, can have a synergistic effect. Embodiments of the invention relate to compositions and methods related to controlling lice.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a U.S. National Stage entry under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/US2014/000057, filed on Mar.17, 2014, which in turn claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/789,624, filed on Mar. 15, 2013, each of which isincorporated by reference in its entirety into the present application.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention disclosed herein generally relates to compositions andmethods related to controlling arthropods, namely order Phthiraptera.

BACKGROUND

Arthropods are invertebrate animals with jointed limbs, a segmentedbody, and an exoskeleton. They belong to the phylum Arthropoda andinclude, but are not limited to arachnids, crustaceans, and insects.

Louse (plural: lice) is the common name for members of over 3,000species of wingless insects of the order Phthiraptera; three of whichare classified as human disease agents. Phthiraptera belong to thephylum Arthropoda. They are obligate ectoparasites of every avian andmammalian order except for monotremes (the platypus and echidnas), bats,whales, dolphins, porpoises and pangolins.

One of the most commonly transmitted conditions in pre-school andelementary school-age children is head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis).It is estimated about 6 to 12 million infestations occur yearly in theUnited States in children age 3 to 12 years. Head lice are usuallyspread by direct contact with the hair of an infected person. This canoccur while children play on the playground at school or at home orduring team sporting activities. Also, lice can spread through the useof combs, brushes, hats, and/or bedding of someone with an infestation.

The main symptoms of an infestation of head lice are intense scalpitching, perhaps even a tickling or crawling sensation on the scalp.There may be small red bumps on the scalp, neck or shoulders and thepresence of nits (eggs). Lice are most active at night so can disturbthe sleep. Diagnosis is made by observing a louse crawling on the scalpor more frequently, observation of the nits on the hairs at the base ofthe neck or behind the ears. Commonly, it is the teachers or schoolpersonnel who find the infestation causing all families at the school tobe notified and/or treated.

Treatment involves topical medication on the scalp as well as steps tokill the lice and nits in the home and on personal belongings of thosewith infestations (washing and/or replacement of combs, hair brushes,and bedding). The hair of those with the infestation are treated withtopical medications contain a pediculicide, namely, pyrethrins pluspiperonyl butoxide (e.g., RID®), permethrin (e.g., Nix®), lindane (e.g.,Kwell®), or malathion (e.g., Ovide®). Additional homeopathic treatmentsare also available. Ovicidal activity is an essential part of aneffective head lice treatment program.

Currently, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the use of Nixwith retreatment within 7 to 10 days if live lice are still present.However, no treatment is considered 100% effective often requiringrepeat treatment.

The incidence of head lice is increasing and the success of currenttreatments is declining. Over the counter products are becoming lesseffective because lice are becoming resistant to the active ingredientsin such products. Recent clinical tests of head lice treatments havefound that the most used, the pyrethroids and organophosphates, havesuccess rates of only 13% and 36% respectively (Downs, A. M., et al.(1999) Evidence for double resistance to permethrin and malathion inhead lice. British Journal of Dermatology 141(3), 508-511.). Inaddition, a recent study of 2800 children carried out by the LiverpoolSchool of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the National Public HealthService for Wales found that two thirds of head lice were resistant topyrethroid-based head lice products. Pyrethroids are the activeingredient in many popular mousse and lotion products. Further,prescription treatments designed to overcome some of these resistanceissues are equally problematic in that they contain strong syntheticchemicals (some of which have even been banned for use as contactinsecticides) that may cause other health problems.

The increase in resistance is partly as a result of misuse of head licetreatments. If a product is not used according to the directions on thepackaging, head lice are exposed to lower levels of insecticide. These‘sub-lethal’ levels are not enough to kill all the lice on the scalp andthus allow the ‘fittest’ lice to survive and breed. Resistance has alsoarisen because the most popular products have a single mechanism ofaction, targeting a single part of the nervous system of the louse. Thismakes it much easier for head lice to overcome these products and tobecome resistant. Naturally derived insecticides may provide benefits inmanaging head lice resistance. Naturally derived insecticides havemultiple, or alternative, modes of action against insects, interferingwith their feeding, growth and reproduction. Accordingly, lice cannotovercome these products with only a single genetic change as they canwith synthetic products.

Formulation can play a critical role in extending efficacy. For example,a liposomal formulation of deet provided complete protection on treatedrabbits against attachment of adult D. variabilis and A. americanumticks for 72 h compared to no protection by a standard formulation ofdeet (Salafsky, B., et al. (2000). Study on the efficacy of a newlong-acting formulation of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) for theprevention of tick attachment. American Journal of Tropical Medical andHygiene, 62(2), 169-172). In another study, a polymer formulation ofdeet and cream formulations of Picaridin and SS220 provided almostcomplete repellency to nymphal A. americanum for 12 h (Carroll, J. F.,et al. (2008). Twelve-hour duration testing of cream formulations ofthree repellents against Amblyomma americanum. Medical and VeterinaryEntomology, 22(2), 144-151). The plant-derived repellent, unformulated2-undecanone provided 74% repellency against D. variabilis 2 h afterapplication (Kimps, N. W., et al. (2011). First report of the repellencyof 2-tridecanone against ticks. Medical and Veterinary Entomology,25(2), 202-208) compared to 98% repellency from 3-3.5 h afterapplication when formulated in the product BioUD® (Bissinger, B. W., etal. (2009). Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD® against three speciesof ixodid ticks. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 48(3), 239-250).Most published research has focused on repellent active ingredientidentification rather than formulation and formulation chemistry isoften a guarded secret of private industries (Bissinger, B. W., et al.(2011). Novel field assays and the comparative repellency of BioUD®,deet, and permethrin against Amblyomma americanum. Medical andVeterinary Entomology. 25: 217-226).

A number of plant-based, natural, or non-toxic arthropod controlproducts are available commercially; in many cases because of theirrapid registration process under the US EPA's FIFRA section 25(b), whichprovides exemption from federal registration for specific ingredientsthat are deemed demonstrably safe for their intended use. Many of theingredients on the 25(b) list are highly volatile compounds, causingthem to provide only short-term control duration. Increasing theconcentration of active ingredient can lengthen the duration ofrepellency; however, many essential oils are irritating to the skinabove a certain concentration (Barnard, D. R. (1999). Repellency ofessential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Journal of Medical.Entomology, 36(5), 625-629). Additionally, the aesthetics (e.g., odor,appearance, tactile, residual odor, discoloration, etc.) of manyplant-based repellents are poor. Therefore, there is a need for anarthropod control composition that provides a high level of efficacy foran extended amount of time while simultaneously exhibiting desirableaesthetics, such as pleasant odor and skin feel.

One advantage of the present compositions used in the methods of thepresent invention is that compositions can be produced containing onlyingredients exempt from EPA registration by virtue of their appearanceon the FIFRA 25(b) list or Class 4(a) inert ingredient list making thecomposition completely safe for use, and potentially eligible forclassification as an organic pest control agent.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention include compositions for control ofarthropods. Some of such compositions can contain geraniol, vanillin,isopropyl myristate, and triethyl citrate, as well as, in some cases,other ingredients. For example, in some embodiments, the compositionscan include isopropyl alcohol and butyl lactate. Likewise, they canfurther including benzyl alcohol. The composition can also include thymeoil white, linalool, THL and/or heliotropine. In some embodiments, thecompositions can include lauric acid, white mineral oil and vitamin e incombination with any or all of the forgoing ingredients.

The compositions can be used in various formulations which canoptionally include a carrier, a surface active agent, and/or asurfactant. The can be formulated, for example, as: a water-basedformulation, a dust formulation, a spray formulation, a burningformulation, and the like.

Embodiments of the invention also include methods for controllingarthropods using the formulations as described herein, and includingsteps such as, for example, applying the formulation to a desired host,area, or object; and controlling arthropods wherein at least 1% of thearthropods exposed to the formulation die. In some embodiments, at least50% of arthropods exposed to the formulation are repelled from the host,area or object. In some embodiments, at least 50% of arthropods exposedto the formulation display reduced motility.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the percentage mortality of lice 4 hours after treatmentwith various compositions.

FIG. 2 shows the percent mortality of lice 4 hours after treatment withvarious compositions.

FIG. 3 shows repellency of various compositions against lice.

FIG. 4 shows the percent mortality of lice after treatment with variouscompositions

FIG. 5 shows knockdown efficacy of TyraTech formulation, Rid, or Nixagainst lice in vitro.

FIG. 6 shows results from an in vivo clinical study testing the percentreduction of head lice after treatment with TyraTech formulation TT-5096or Nix.

FIG. 7 shows the percentage of test subjects that were lice free aftertreatment with the TyraTech formulation TT-5096 or Nix.

FIG. 8 shows the knockdown effects of various compositions against adultbody lice 1 hour after treatment and the percent mortality of the lice24 hours after treatment with these compositions.

FIG. 9 shows the mortality efficacy of a 5 minute exposure of variouscompositions against head lice. In vitro dip method.

FIG. 10 shows the knockdown efficacy of a 5 minute exposure of variouscompositions against head lice. In vitro dip method.

FIG. 11 shows the mortality efficacy of a 10 minutes exposure of variouscompositions against head lice. In vitro dip method.

FIG. 12 shows the mortality efficacy of a 15 minute exposure of variouscompositions against head lice. In vitro dip method.

FIG. 13 shows the mortality efficacy of various compositions againsthead lice. BA=benzyl alcohol. n=10.

FIG. 14 shows the knockdown efficacy of various compositions againsthead lice. BA=benzyl alcohol. Knockdown=partially active+inactive, n=10

FIG. 15 shows the mortality efficacy of a 10 minute exposure variouscompositions against head lice. n=30.

FIG. 16 shows the knockdowns effects after a 10 minute exposure ofvarious compositions against head lice. Knockdown=partiallyactive+inactive, n=30.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Unless otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according toconventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant art.

The present invention generally relates to compositions and methodsrelated to controlling arthropods. More specifically, the presentinvention relates to compositions and methods related to controllinglice.

The compositions and methods of the invention can used to control anytype of arthropod, such as an insect. Exemplary arthropods that can becontrolled include but are not limited to beetles, cockroaches, flies,ants, larvae, bees, lice, fleas, mosquitoes, moths, and the like.Exemplary arthropod orders can include but are not limited to ordersAcari, Anoplura, Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera,Grylloptera, Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Isopoda,lsoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Mallophaga, Neuroptera, Odonata,Orthoptera, Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Symphyla, Thysanura, andThysanoptera and the like.

The compositions and methods of the invention can used to control anytype of lice (order Phthiraptera) including Anoplura (sucking lice) andMallophaga (chewing lice). Exemplary suborders of lice that can becontrolled include but are not limited to, Anoplura (occurring onmammals); Rhyncophthirina (parasites of elephants and warthogs);Ischnocera (mostly avian chewing lice); and Amblycera (a primitivesuborder of chewing lice, widespread on birds, however, also live onSouth-American and Australian mammals) and the like. Exemplary arthropodorders can include but are not limited to orders Acari, Anoplura,Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Grylloptera,Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Isopoda, Isoptera,Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Mallophaga, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera,Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Symphyla, Thysanura, and Thysanoptera and thelike.

Embodiments of the invention include compositions for controlling anarthropod, which can include one or more plant essential oils andmethods for using these compositions. The plant essential oils, whencombined, can have a synergistic effect. The compositions also caninclude a fixed oil, which is typically a non-volatile non-scented plantoil. Additionally, in some embodiments, these compositions can be madeup of generally regarded as safe (GRAS) compounds.

For purposes of simplicity, the term “arthropod” shall be used in thisapplication; however, it should be understood that the term “arthropod”refers, not only to insects, but also to lice, mites, spiders, ticks,arachnoids, arachnids, larvae, parasites, and like invertebrates. Alsofor purposes of this application, the term “arthropod control” shallrefer to having a repellent effect, a pesticidal effect, or both.

“Repellent effect” is an effect wherein more arthropods are repelledaway from a host or area that has been treated with the composition thana control host or area that has not been treated with the composition.In some embodiments, repellent effect is an effect wherein at leastabout 50% of arthropods are repelled away from a host or area that hasbeen treated with the composition. In some embodiments, repellent effectis an effect wherein at least about 75% of arthropods are repelled awayfrom a host or area that has been treated with the composition. In someembodiments, repellent effect is an effect wherein at least about 90% ofarthropods are repelled away from a host or area that has been treatedwith the composition. In some embodiments, repellent effect is an effectwherein at least about 95% of arthropods are repelled away from a hostor area that has been treated with the composition.

“Pesticidal effect” is an effect wherein treatment with a compositioncauses at least about 1% of the arthropods to die. In this regard, anLC1 to LC100 (lethal concentration) or an LD1 to LD100 (lethal dose) ofa composition will cause a pesticidal effect. In some embodiments, thepesticidal effect is an effect wherein treatment with a compositioncauses at least about 5% of the exposed arthropods to die.

In some embodiments, the pesticidal effect is an effect whereintreatment with a composition causes at least about 10% of the exposedarthropods to die. In some embodiments, the pesticidal effect is aneffect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 25% ofthe arthropods to die. In some embodiments the pesticidal effect is aneffect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 50% ofthe exposed arthropods to die. In some embodiments the pesticidal effectis an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about75% of the exposed arthropods to die. In some embodiments the pesticidaleffect is an effect wherein treatment with a composition causes at leastabout 90% of the exposed arthropods to die.

In some embodiments of the invention, treatment with compositions of theinvention will result in a knockdown of the arthropod occurring within afew seconds to a few minutes. “Knockdown” is an effect wherein treatmentwith a composition causes at least about 1% of the exposed arthropods todisplay reduced mobility. In some embodiments, the knockdown is aneffect wherein treatment with a composition causes at least about 50% ofthe exposed arthropods to display reduced mobility.

The compositions of the present invention can be used to controlarthropods by either treating a host directly, or treating an area inwhich the host will be located, for example, an indoor living space,outdoor patio or garden. For purposes of this application, host isdefined as a plant, human, mammal, or other animal.

Treatment can include use of an oil-based formulation, a water-basedformulation, an alcohol-based formulation, a residual formulation, andthe like. In some embodiments, combinations of formulations can beemployed to achieve the benefits of different formulation types.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to compositions forcontrolling arthropods and methods for using these compositions. In someembodiments, the compositions can include compounds that are generallyregarded as safe (GRAS compounds). In some embodiments, the compositionscan include compounds of a plant origin, such as plant essential oils ormonoterpenoids of plant essential oils. In some embodiments, thecompositions include two or more compounds. In some embodiments, thecompositions can include any of the following oils, or mixtures thereof:

Methyl salicylate, also known as betula oil. Methyl salicylate is amajor component of oil of wintergreen and is sometimes referred tointerchangeably with oil of wintergreen. It is a natural product of manyspecies of plants, is the methyl ester of salicylic acid, and can beproduced chemically from the condensation reaction of salicylic acid andmethanol. Some of the plants producing it are called wintergreens, hencethe common name. Methyl salicylate can be used by plants as a pheromoneto warn other plants of pathogens (Shulaev, et al. Airborne signallingby methyl salicylate in plant pathogen resistance (1997) Nature, 385,718-721). The release of methyl salicylate can also function as anexopheromone aid in the recruitment of beneficial insects to kill theherbivorous insects (James and Price (2004) Field-Testing of MethylSalicylate for Recruitment and Retention of Beneficial Insect in Grapesand Hops. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 30(8), 1613-1628). Numerousplants produce methyl salicylate including species of the familyPyrolaceae and of the genera Gaultheria and Betula. It is noted that,where a given blend or formulation or other composition is disclosedherein as containing wintergreen oil, an alternative embodiment,containing methyl salicylate in place of wintergreen oil, is alsocontemplated. Likewise, where a blend or formulation of othercomposition includes methyl salicylate, an alternative embodiment,containing wintergreen oil, is also contemplated.

Thyme Oil is a natural product that can be extracted from certainplants, including species from the Labiatae family; for example, thymeoil can be obtained from Thymus vulgaris (also known as, T. ilerdensis,T aestivus, and T. velantianus), generally by distillation from theleafy tops and tender stems of the plant. Two commercial varieties ofThyme oil are recognized, the ‘red,’ the crude distillate, which is deeporange in color, and the ‘white,’ which is colourless or pale yellow,which is the ‘red’ rectified by re-distilling. Thyme oil principallycontains the phenols thymol and carvacrol, along with borneol, linalool,and cymene, and rosmarinic and ursolic acids. Where an embodimentdescribes the use of thyme oil white, other embodiments are specificallycontemplated in which the thyme oil white is replaced by thyme oil red,thymol, carvacrol, borneol, linalool, cymene, rosmarinic acid, ursolicacid, or a mixture of any of these with each other or with thyme oilwhite. Particularly preferable are mixtures of thyme oil white and thymeoil red that contain 10% or less thyme oil red, more preferably 5% orless, and most preferably 1%.

Thymol is a monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, C.sub.10H.sub.13OH,isomeric with carvacrol, found in thyme oil, and extracted as a whitecrystalline substance. It is also known as hydroxycymene and5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenol. Where an embodiment describes the useof thymol, other embodiments are specifically contemplated in which thethymol is replaced by carvacrol, thyme oil white, thyme oil red, or amixture of any of these with each other or with thyme oil white.

Geraniol, also called rhodinol and 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol, is amonoterpenoid and an alcohol. It is the primary part of oil-of-rose andpalmarosa oil. It is used in perfumes and as a flavoring. It is alsoproduced by the scent glands of honey bees to help them marknectar-bearing flowers and locate the entrances to their hives. Geraniolcan be obtained in a highly pure form as Geraniol Fine, FCC (FoodChemicals Codex grade), which is 98% minimum pure geraniol and 99%minimum nerol and geraniol. Geraniol can also be obtained, for example,as Geraniol 60, Geraniol 85, and Geraniol 95. When Geraniol is obtainedas Geraniol 60, Geraniol 85, or Geraniol 95, then about forty percent,fifteen percent, or five percent of the oil can be nerol. Nerol is amonoterpene (C₁₀H₁₈O), the cis-isomer of geraniol, which can beextracted from attar of roses, oil of orange blossoms and oil oflavender. Citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal or lemonal) is the genericname for the aldehyde form of nerol and geraniol, and can be obtainedfrom lemon myrtly, Litsea cubeba, lemongrass, Lemon verbena, lemon balm,lemon, and orange. The E-isomer of citral is known as geranial or citralA. The Z-isomer is known as neral or citral B. Where an embodimentdescribes the use of any form of geraniol, other embodiments arespecifically contemplated in which the geraniol is replaced by anotherform of geraniol (such as Geraniol Fine FCC or any geraniol/nerolmixture), nerol, geranial, neral, citral, or a mixture of any of thesewith each other or with any form of geraniol. Similarly, Where anembodiment describes the use of any form of citral, other embodimentsare specifically contemplated in which the citral is replaced by a formof geraniol (such as Geraniol Fine FCC or any gernaiol/nerol mixture),nerol, geranial, neral, or a mixture of any of these with each other orwith citral.

Vanillin (also known as methyl vanillin, vanillic aldehyde, vanilin, and4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the primary component of the extractof the vanilla bean. In addition to vanillin, natural vanilla extractalso contains p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, piperonal, andp-hydroxybenzoic acid. Synthetic vanillin is used as a flavoring agentin foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Where an embodiment describesthe use of vanillin, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich the vanillin is replaced by natural vanilla extract,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, piperonal, ethyl vanillin, orp-hydroxybenzoic acid, or a mixture of any of these with each other orwith vanillin.

Lime oil is derived from Citrus aurantifolia (also known as Citrusmedica var. acida and C. latifolia) of the Rutaceae family and is alsoknown as Mexican and West Indian lime, as well as sour lime. Its chiefconstituents are α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, p-cymene,d-limonene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, 1,8-ceneole, linalool,terpinene-4-ol, α-terpineol, neral, geraniol, neral acetate, geranylacetate, caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, β-Bisabolen, borneol, andcitral. It can be obtained in several forms, including Lime Oil 410 (anartificial Mexican-exressed lime oil available from Millennium SpecialtyChemicals). Where an embodiment describes the use of any form of limeoil, other embodiments are specifically contemplated in which the limeoil is replaced by α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, p-cymene,d-limonene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, 1,8-ceneole, linalool,terpinene-4-ol, α-terpineol, neral, geraniol, neral acetate, geranylacetate, caryophyllene, trans-α-bergamotene, β-Bisabolen, borneol, orcitral, or a mixture of any of these with each other or with any form oflime oil:

Black seed oil is obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa. Its chiefconstituents are carvone, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, and p-cymene, aswell as the fatty acids myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid,stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidicacid. Where an embodiment describes the use of any form of black seedoil, other embodiments are specifically contemplated in which the blackseed oil is replaced by d-carvone, l-carvone, a racemic mixture ofd-carvone and l-carvone, α-pinene, sabinene, β-pinene, or p-cymene, or amixture of any of these with each other, with any of myristic acid,palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleicacid, linolenic acid, or arachidic acid or with any form of black seedoil.

Linalool is a naturally-occurring terpene alcohol chemical found in manyflowers and spice plants. It is also known as3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol. It has two stereoisomeric forms:(S)-(+)-linalool (known as licareol) and (R)-(−)-linalool (known ascoriandrol). Linalool can be obtained as linalool coeur (a racemicmixture, CAS number 78-70-6), or in preferred derivative forms such astetrahydrolinalool (the saturated form), ethyl linalool, linalylacetate, and pseudo linalyl acetate (7-octen-2-ol,2-methyl-6-methylene:acetate). Where an embodiment describes the use ofany form of linalool, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich the linalool is replaced by licareol, coriandrol,tetrahydrolinalool, ethyl linalool, linalyl acetate, pseudo linalylacetate, or a mixture of any of these with each other or with any formof linalool. Similarly, where an embodiment describes the use oftetrahydrolinalool, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich the tetrahydrolinalool is replaced by licareol, coriandrol,racemic linalool, ethyl linalool, linalyl acetate, pseudo linalylacetate, or a mixture of any of these with each other or withtetrahydrolinalool. Additionally, where an embodiment describes the useof ethyl linalool, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich the ethyl linalool is replaced by licareol, coriandrol,tetrahydrolinalool, racemic linalool, linalyl acetate, pseudo linalylacetate, or a mixture of any of these with each other or with ethyllinalool. Finally, where an embodiment describes the use of linalylacetate, other embodiments are specifically contemplated in which thelinalyl acetate is replaced by licareol, coriandrol, tetrahydrolinalool,racemic linalool, ethyl linalool, pseudo linalyl acetate, or a mixtureof any of these with each other or with linalyl acetate.

Isopropyl myristate is the ester of isopropanol and myristic acid; it isalso known as 1-tetradecanoic acid, methylethyl ester, myristic acidisopropyl ester, and propan-2-yl tetradecanoate. Where an embodimentdescribes the use of isopropyl myristate, other embodiments arespecifically contemplated in which isopropyl myristate may be replacedby similar chemicals such as isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl isothermal,putty stearate, isostearyl neopentonate, myristyl myristate, decyloleate, octyl sterate, octyl palmitate, isocetyl stearate, or PPGmyristyl propionate, or a mixture of any of these with each other orwith isopropyl myristate. Isopropyl myristate may also be used as athickening agent and emollient.

Piperonal (heliotropine, protocatechuic aldehyde methylene ether) is anaromatic aldehyde that comes as transparent crystals, C₈H₆O₃, and has afloral odor. It is used as flavoring and in perfume. It can be obtainedby oxidation of piperonyl alcohol. Where an embodiment describes the useof piperonal, other embodiments are specifically contemplated in whichpiperonal may be replaced by piperonyl alcohol,3,4-methylenedioxybenzylamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymandelonitrile,piperonylic acid, piperonyl acetate, piperonylacetone,piperonylideneacetone, piperonyl isobutyrate, piperonyl butoxide,piperonylglycine, or protocatecheuic acid or a mixture of any of thesewith each other or with piperonal. Similarly, where an embodimentdescribes the use of piperonyl alcohol, other embodiments arespecifically contemplated in which piperonyl alcohol may be replaced bypiperonal, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzylamine,3,4-methylenedioxymandelonitrile, piperonylic acid, piperonyl acetate,piperonylacetone, piperonylideneacetone, piperonyl isobutyrate,piperonyl butoxide, piperonylglycine, or protocatecheuic acid, or amixture of any of these with each other or with piperonyl alcohol.

Triethyl citrate (also known as citric acid, triethyl ester; TEC; ethylcitrate; 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, triethyl ester; andCitroflex 2) is used as a high boiling solvent and plasticizer for vinylresins and cellulose acetates. It is a plasticizer permitted in thefield of food additives, food contact materials, medicines, andpharmaceuticals. Where an embodiment describes the use of triethylcitrate, other embodiments are specifically contemplated in whichtriethyl citrate may be replaced by other citrate plasticiser esterssuch as tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate andtri-(2-ethylhexyl)-citrate, or a mixture of any of these with each otheror with triethyl citrate.

Terpines are a class of organic compounds derived from hydrocarbonisoprene (C₅H₈) units. Terpines are constituents of essential oils ofmany plants and flowers. There are many types of terpenes, which areclassified by the number of isoprene units in the molecule; examplesinclude monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The terpinenes are isomerichydrocarbons classified as terpenes. Some members of this group are usedin a wide variety of flavor and fragrance compositions, as well as inextensions of citrus oils. Gamma-terpinene is also known as1-isopropyl-4-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene,4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,4-cyclohexadiene, and p-mentha-1,4-diene.Alpha-terpinene is also known as4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene. Both alpha- andgamma-terpinene have a lemony fragrance. Beta-terpinene, also known as4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)cyclohexene, has been prepared fromsabinene. A derivative, terpinene-4-ol, is the primary active ingredientof tea tree oil and the compound of highest concentration in essentialoil of nutmeg. Other monoterpene alcohol derivatives of the terpinenesinclude the α-, β-, and γ-terpineol isomers; the α-terpineol isomer isthe major component of the naturally isolated terpineol. Other relatedcompounds are terpinolene (4-Isopropylidene-1-methylcyclohexene;p-Menth-1,4(8)-diene; 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)cyclohexene;1-Methyl-4-propan-2-ylidene-cyclohexene), and the isomers α-phellandreneand β-phellandrene. Where an embodiment describes the use ofgamma-terpinene, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich gamma-terpinene may be replaced by other terpinenes or derivativesthereof such as terpinolene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene,alpha-terpinene, beta-terpinene, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, γ-terpineol,or terpinene-4-ol, or a mixture of any of these with each other or withgamma-terpinene. Where an embodiment describes the use ofalpha-terpinene, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich alpha-terpinene may be replaced by other terpinenes or derivativesthereof such as terpinolene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene,gamma-terpinene, beta-terpinene, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, γ-terpineol,or terpinene-4-ol, or a mixture of any of these with each other or withalpha-terpinene. Where an embodiment describes the use ofterpinene-4-ol, other embodiments are specifically contemplated in whichterpinene-4-ol may be replaced by other terpinenes or derivativesthereof such as terpinolene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene,alpha-terpinene, beta-terpinene, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, γ-terpineol,or gamma-terpinene, or a mixture of any of these with each other or withterpinene-4-ol. Where an embodiment describes the use of α-terpineol,other embodiments are specifically contemplated in which α-terpineol maybe replaced by other terpinenes or derivatives thereof such asterpinolene, α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, alpha-terpinene,beta-terpinene, terpinene-4-ol, β-terpineol, γ-terpineol, orgamma-terpinene, or a mixture of any of these with each other or withα-terpineol. Where an embodiment describes the use of terpinolene, otherembodiments are specifically contemplated in which terpinolene may bereplaced by other terpinenes or derivatives thereof such as α-terpineol,α-phellandrene, β-phellandrene, alpha-terpinene, beta-terpinene,terpinene-4-ol, β-terpineol, γ-terpineol, or gamma-terpinene, or amixture of any of these with each other or with terpinolene.

In addition, the use of several long-chain aldehydes, such as octanal,nonanal, decanal, and dodecanal. Where an embodiment describes the useof one such aldehyde, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich the designated aldehyde is replaced with any of the otheraldeydes, or a mixture of any of these aldehydes with each other or withthe designated aldehyde.

Tocopherols are a class of chemicals consisting of various methylatedphenols, some of which have vitamin E activity. These includeα-tocopherol, β-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol. Alsobelonging to this family are the tocotrienols, including α-tocotrienol,β-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol, and δ-tocotrienol. In preferredembodiments, mixtures of these compositions, such as tocopherol gammatenox or Tenox GT, are employed. Where an embodiment describes the useof one tocopherol, other embodiments are specifically contemplated inwhich the designated tocopherol is replaced with any of the othertocopherols, or a mixture of any of these tocopherols with each other orwith the designated tocopherol.

Fatty acids, suitable for use herein, can be obtained from naturalsources such as, for instance, plant or animal esters (e.g. palm oil,rape seed oil, palm kernel oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, soybean oil,castor oil, tallow, whale or fish oils, grease, lard, and mixturesthereof). Fatty acids derived from plant sources are preferred. Normallypurified or distilled unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids will beemployed, but naturally occurring mixtures may also be used whereappropriate, e.g. when high in unsaturated fatty acids such as soybean,linseed, sunflower, corn, onagra, and/or borage, oil fatty acids. Thefatty acids may also be synthetically prepared, for example as describedin Johnson, R. W and Fritz E. (1989) Fatty Acids in Industry: Processes,Properties, Derivatives, Applications. New York. N.Y.: Marcel DekkerInc.

The unsaturated and saturated fatty acids used in the methods of thepresent invention are in the form of the free fatty acid and/or saltthereof. Suitable salts are alkali metal salts, such as sodium, and/orpotassium; ammonium salts; and/or alkylamine salts, such asisopropylamine, aminomethylpropanol, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine,and/or triethanolamine. Alkali metal, particularly potassium, salts arepreferred.

The fatty acid salts are preferably formed in situ by the addition ofsuitable salt forming material, e.g. base, such as sodium hydroxide,preferably potassium hydroxide, to the fatty acid containingcomposition. The base is preferably added as a relatively dilute aqueoussolution, e.g. at a concentration of 1 to 30%, preferably 5 to 20%, morepreferably about 10 to 15% w/w. The addition of base can be used tocontrol the pH of the composition which is preferably in the range from6 to 9, more preferably 7 to 8.5, particularly 7.2 to 8.2, andespecially 7.5 to 8. A surprising improvement in the pest controlproperties of the composition can be achieved at these pH values.

In one embodiment, the amount of fatty acid salts in the composition ispreferably in the range from 50 to 100%, more preferably 90 to 99.9%,particularly 95 to 99.5%, and especially 96 to 99% by weight, based onthe total amount of fatty acids and salts thereof in the composition.Correspondingly, the amount of free fatty acids is preferably in therange from 0 to 50%, more preferably 0.1 to 10%, particularly 0.5 to 5%,and especially 1 to 4% by weight, based on the total weight of fattyacids and salts thereof in the composition.

The fatty acids and/or salts thereof are suitably present in acomposition according to various methods of the present invention in therange from 3 to 50%, preferably 5 to 40%, more preferably 10 to 30%,particularly 15 to 25%, and especially 18 to 22% by weight, based on thetotal amount of the composition.

The unsaturated fatty acids and/or salts thereof used in the methods ofthe present invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of,in the range from 12 to 26, preferably 14 to 24, more preferably 16 to22, particularly 18 to 20, and especially 18 carbon atoms. In oneembodiment, greater than 50%, preferably greater than 60%, morepreferably greater than 70%, particularly greater than 80%, andespecially greater than 90% and up to 100% by weight of the unsaturatedfatty acids fall within one or more of the above carbon atom ranges,based on the total weight of unsaturated fatty acids in the composition.

Suitable unsaturated fatty acids are selected from the group consistingof oleic, elaidic, ricinoleic, dodecenoic, tetradecenoic (myristoleic),hexadecenoic (palmitoleic), octadecadienoic (linoleic or linolelaidic),octadecatrienoic (linolenic), eicosenoic (gadoleic), eicosatetraenoic(arachidonic), docosenoic (erucic), docosenoic (brassidic),docosapentaenoic (clupanodonic), eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic,gamma-linolenic, dihomo-gamma-linolenic, arachidonic, acids, andmixtures thereof. Preferred unsaturated fatty acids are selected fromthe group consisting of oleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, linolenic, acidsand mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred unsaturated fatty acids areselected from the group consisting of oleic, ricinoleic, linoleic, acidsand mixtures thereof.

The unsaturated fatty acids are preferably monocarboxylic acids and maybe linear or branched, and are preferably linear. The unsaturated fattyacids may be in the form of cis and/or trans isomers. Oleic acid is apreferred cis isomer, and elaidic acid a preferred trans isomer. Theunsaturated fatty acids may be unsubstituted, or substituted, forexample with one or more hydroxyl groups. Ricinoleic acid is a preferredhydroxy acid.

The unsaturated fatty acids may be mono-unsaturated, di-unsaturated orpolyunsaturated, i.e. containing one, two or more than two carbon-carbondouble bonds respectively. Oleic acid is a preferred mono-unsaturatedfatty acid, and linoleic acid is a preferred di-unsaturated fatty acid.In one embodiment, the concentration of (i) mono-unsaturated fatty acidsis preferably greater than 10%, more preferably greater than 20%, andparticularly in the range from 30 to 90%, by weight, (ii) di-unsaturatedfatty acids is preferably greater than 5%, more preferably greater than10%, and particularly in the range from 15 to 50% by weight, (iii)mono-unsaturated and di-unsaturated fatty acids combined is preferablygreater than 75%, more preferably greater than 85%, particularly greaterthan 90%, and especially in the range from 95 to 100% by weight, and/or(iv) polyunsaturated fatty acids is preferably less than 25%, morepreferably less than 15%, particularly less than 5%, and especially inthe range from 0 to 3% by weight, all based on the total weight ofunsaturated fatty acids in the composition.

The concentration of unsaturated fatty acids and/or salts thereofpresent in a composition useful in the methods of the present inventionis suitably in the range from 10 to 90%, preferably 20 to 80%, morepreferably 30 to 70%, particularly 40 to 60%, and especially 45 to 55%by weight, based on the total weight of fatty acids and/or salts thereofin the composition.

In certain compositions useful in an embodiment of the presentinvention, the unsaturated fatty acids used in various methods of theinvention comprise a mixture of unsubstituted fatty acids and hydroxyfatty acids, preferably present at a ratio of 10 to 90%:10 to 90%, morepreferably 30 to 70%:30 to 70%, particularly 40 to 60%:40 to 60%, andespecially 45 to 55%:45 to 55% by weight, based on the total weight ofunsaturated fatty acids in the composition. A particularly preferredcombination is a mixture of oleic acid and ricinoleic acid.

The saturated fatty acids and/or salts thereof used in various methodsof the present invention comprise, consist essentially of, or consistof, in the range from 6 to 14, preferably 6 to 12, more preferably 8 to12, and particularly 8 to 10 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, greaterthan 50%, preferably greater than 60%, more preferably greater than 70%,particularly greater than 80%, and especially greater than 90% and up to100% by weight of the saturated fatty acids fall within one or more ofthe above carbon atom ranges, based on the total weight of saturatedfatty acids in the composition.

The saturated fatty acids are preferably monocarboxylic acids and may belinear and/or branched, and are preferably linear.

Suitable saturated fatty acids are selected from the group consisting ofhexanoic (caproic), octanoic (caprylic), nonanoic, decanoic (capric),undecanoic, dodecanoic (lauric), tridecanoic, tetradecanoic acid(myristic), 2-ethyl hexanoic, trimethylhexanoic, trimethylnonanoic,acids and mixtures thereof. Preferred saturated fatty acids are selectedfrom the group consisting of caprylic, capric, 2-ethyl hexanoic,trimethylhexanoic, trimethylnonanoic, tetramethylhexanoic, acids, andmixtures thereof. Particularly preferred saturated fatty acids areselected from the group consisting of caprylic, capric, 2-ethylhexanoic, trimethylhexanoic, acids, and mixtures thereof.

Lauric acid is a saturated fatty acid with a 12-carbon atom chain, andis found naturally in coconuts. Lauric acid is also known as dodecanoicacid.

The concentration of saturated fatty acids and/or salts thereof presentin a composition according to methods of the present invention issuitably in the range from 10 to 90%, preferably 20 to 80%, morepreferably 30 to 70%, particularly 40 to 60%, and especially 45 to 55%by weight, based on the total weight of fatty acids and/or salts thereofin the composition.

The ratio by weight of unsaturated fatty acids and/or salts thereof tosaturated fatty acids and/or salts thereof in a composition according tovarious methods of the present invention is preferably in the range from0.2 to 5:1, more preferably 0.35 to 3:1, particularly 0.5 to 2:1, andespecially 0.8 to 1.2:1.

In one embodiment, the mean number of carbon atoms, on a weight basis,present in the unsaturated fatty acids and/or salts is suitably at least2, preferably at least 4, more preferably in the range from 6 to 12,particularly 7 to 11, and especially 8 to 10 carbon atoms greater thanthe mean number of carbon atoms present in the saturated fatty acidsand/or salts. The mean number of carbon atoms by weight present in theunsaturated fatty acids and/or salts is preferably in the range from 14to 22, more preferably 16 to 20, particularly 17 to 19, and especially17.5 to 18.5. The mean number of carbon atoms by weight present in thesaturated fatty acids and/or salts is preferably in the range from 6 to12, more preferably 7 to 11, particularly 8 to 10, and especially 8.5 to9.5.

In those compositions including more than one oil, each oil can make upbetween about 0.1%, or less, to about 99%, or more, by weight, of thecomposition mixture. For example, one composition of the presentinvention comprises about 1% thymol and about 99% geraniol. Optionally,the compositions can additionally comprise a fixed oil, which is anon-volatile non-scented plant oil. Fixed oils may stabilize thecomposition, limiting the evaporation of the active components. Fixedoils useful in the formulations of the present invention include, butare not limited to, castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, cumin oil,linseed oil, mineral oil, white mineral oil, olive oil, peanut oil,safflower oil, sesame oil, and soybean oil.

In certain exemplary embodiments, arthropod control compositionsaccording to the invention include at least one of geraniol, isopropylalcohol, benzyl alcohol, butyl lactate, vanillin, isopropyl myristate,and triethyl citrate. In certain exemplary embodiments, arthropodcontrol compositions according to the invention include at least two ofgeraniol, isopropyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, butyl lactate, vanillin,isopropyl myristate, and triethyl citrate. In certain exemplaryembodiments, arthropod control compositions according to the inventioninclude geraniol, isopropyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, butyl lactate,vanillin, isopropyl myristate, and triethyl citrate. In certainexemplary embodiments, arthropod control compositions according to theinvention include geraniol, benzyl alcohol, butyl lactate, vanillin,isopropyl myristate, and triethyl citrate. In certain exemplaryembodiments, arthropod control compositions according to the inventioninclude geraniol, benzyl alcohol, butyl lactate, vanillin, and isopropylmyristate. In certain exemplary embodiments, arthropod controlcompositions according to the invention include geraniol, benzylalcohol, butyl lactate, and isopropyl myristate. In certain exemplaryembodiments, arthropod control compositions according to the inventioninclude geraniol, benzyl alcohol, and isopropyl myristate.

While embodiments of the invention can include active ingredients,carriers, inert ingredients, and other formulation components, preferredembodiments begin with a primary blend. A primary blend is preferably asynergistic combination containing two or more active ingredients and,optionally, additional ingredients. The primary blends can then becombined with other ingredients to produce a formulation. Accordingly,where concentrations, concentration ranges, or amounts, are givenherein, such quantities typically are in reference to a primary blend orblends. Thus, when a primary blend is further modified by addition ofother ingredients to produce a formulation, the concentrations of theactive ingredients are reduced proportional to the presence of otheringredients in the formulation.

In preferred blends, geraniol can be included at a concentration ofbetween 5% or less to 50% or more; at a concentration between 10%-40%;at a concentration of about 15%; at a concentration of about 16%; at aconcentration of about 19%; or at a concentration of about 26% byweight.

In preferred blends, benzyl alcohol can be included at a concentrationof between 10% or less to 70% or more; at a concentration between20%-60%; at a concentration of about 28%; at a concentration of about30%; at a concentration of about 34%; or at a concentration of about 48%by weight.

In preferred blends, vanillin can be included at a concentration ofbetween 2.5% or less to 20% or more; at a concentration between 3%-15%;at a concentration of about 4%; at a concentration of about 8%; or at aconcentration of about 12% by weight.

In preferred blends, isopropyl myristate can be included at aconcentration of between 10% or less to 50% or more; at a concentrationbetween 10%-40%; at a concentration of about 15%; at a concentration ofabout 18%; at a concentration of about 25%; or at a concentration ofabout 30% by weight.

In preferred blends, triethyl citrate can be included at a concentrationof between 9% or less to 40% or more; at a concentration between10%-30%; at a concentration of about 10%; at a concentration of about13%; or at a concentration of about 20% by weight.

In preferred blends, butyl lactate can be included at a concentration ofbetween 10% or less to 50% or more; at a concentration between 20%-40%;at a concentration of about 23%; or at a concentration of about 28% byweight.

The compositions of the present invention can comprise, in admixturewith one or more suitable carrier and optionally with a suitable surfaceactive agent and/or one or more surfactant agents, plant essential oilcompounds and/or derivatives thereof, natural and/or synthetic,including racemic mixtures, enantiomers, diastereomers, hydrates, salts,solvates and metabolites, etc.

A suitable carrier can include any carrier in the art known for plantessential oils, provided the carrier does not adversely affect thecompositions of the present invention. The term “carrier” as used hereinmeans an inert or fluid material, which can be inorganic or organic andof synthetic or natural origin, with which the active compound is mixedor formulated to facilitate its application to the host, area, or otherobject to be treated, or to facilitate its storage, transport and/orhandling. In general, any of the materials customarily employed informulating repellents, pesticides, herbicides, or fungicides, aresuitable.

The compositions of the present invention can be employed alone or inthe form of mixtures with such solid and/or liquid dispersible carriervehicles and/or other known compatible active agents such as otherrepellents, pesticides, or acaricides, nematicides, fungicides,bactericides, rodenticides, herbicides, fertilizers, growth-regulatingagents, etc., if desired, or in the form of particular dosagepreparations for specific application made therefrom, such as solutions,emulsions, suspensions, powders, pastes, and granules which are thusready for use.

The compositions of the present invention can be formulated or mixedwith, if desired, conventional inert pesticide diluents or extenders ofthe type usable in conventional arthropod control agents, e.g.,conventional dispersible carrier vehicles such as gases, solutions,emulsions, suspensions, emulsifiable concentrates, spray powders,pastes, soluble powders, wettable powders, dusting agents, granules,foams, mousses, pastes, tablets, aerosols, amorphous silica, natural andsynthetic materials impregnated with active compounds, microcapsules,coating compositions for use on seeds, and formulations used withburning equipment, such as fumigating cartridges, fumigating cans andfumigating coils, as well as ULV cold mist and warm mist formulations,etc.

The compositions of the present invention can further comprisesurface-active agents. Examples of surface-active agents that can beemployed with the present invention, include emulsifying agents, such asnon-ionic and/or anionic emulsifying agents (e.g., polyethylene oxideesters of fatty acids, polyethylene oxide ethers of fatty alcohols,cyclodextrins, alkyl sulfates, alkyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonates,albumin hydrolyzates, etc., and especially alkyl arylpolyglycol ethers,magnesium stearate, sodium oleate, etc.); and/or dispersing agents suchas lignin, sulfite waste liquors, methyl cellulose, etc.

In some embodiments, water-based formulations are preferred. Althoughoil-based formulations of arthropod control agents are generally moreeffective, water-based formulations have the advantage that they do notleave behind an oily residue on treated surfaces.

The surfactant of the water-based formulation is provided to facilitatemixture of the arthropod control composition with the water. Thesurfactant may include an end having a carboxyl group, which will facethe water molecules, and a hydrocarbon end, which will face an oilcomponent of the arthropod control composition. As such, the surfactantallows the water and the oil component of the composition to be mixed toform an emulsion. Various surfactants may be used in the formulation ofthe present invention, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS,anionic), chlorhexidine (CLH, cationic), and Poloxamer 407 (POL407,nonionic), Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), Sodium cholate, Sodiumdeoxycholate, N-Lauroylsarcosine, Lauryldimethylamine-oxide (LDAO),Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate,potassium salts of fatty acids, straight-chain alkyl benzene sulfonates,Ammonium Lauryl Sulfate, ammonium lauryl ether sulfate, or mixturesthereof.

The solvent of the water-based formulation serves to reduce thewater-oil surface tension of the emulsion or composition. By reducingthis surface tension, the oil spots are more readily dispersed in thewater, and a thin film of the oil-water mixture is allowed to form onthe treated surfaces, which surfaces may include a host, areas within ahousehold, outdoor areas, plants and the arthropods themselves. Thesolvent may also serve as a carrier and a synergist. The solvent mayassist in fast penetration through the cell membrane of an arthropodbeing controlled to ensure the arrival of sufficient active ingredientsto the site of action. The solvent may assist in wetting the arthropodexoskeleton to facilitate exposure of the cell membrane to theformulation and/or may dissolve portions of the exoskeleton. The solventis suitably relatively polar, and preferably is a lower alcohol or esterhaving a molecular weight of less than 400, more preferably less than200, and particularly in the range from 40 to 100. Isopropanol and/orethanol are particularly preferred lower alcohol cosolvents. Varioussolvents may be used, for example, mineral oil, white mineral oil,isopar M, isopar C, alcohol, ethanol, isopropanol, or mixtures thereof.

Table 1 shows preferred preparations and Table 2 shows preferredconcentrations of the ingredients in the preparations.

TABLE 1 TyraTech preferred preparations. F-4224/ TT TT TT B- B- B-5096B-5062 personal HLK 0831 TT 5096 5062 propellent propellent repellentgeraniol x x x x x x x x vanillin x x x x x x x x isopropyl x x x x x xx x myristate triethyl citrate x x x x x x x x benzyl alcohol x xisopropyl alcohol x x x x x x x butyl lactate x x x x x x stepanol WAC xx x x x x germaben II x x x A-46 propellent x x x DI water x x x x x xEquate baby x shampoo thyme oil white 3 x x x x linalool x x x x THL x xx x heliotropine x x x x lauric acid x white mineral oil x vitamin e x

TABLE 2 Preferred concentrations. F-4224/ Range Range Range TT HLK 1 2 3geraniol 0.08 0.16 0.57 0.67 0.82 1.23 3.28 8.20  .1-20  .5-15  1-100.1%- 30% vanillin 0.02 0.04 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.29 0.76 1.90 .01-4  0.3-2  1-10 0.01%- 5% IPM 0.1%- 0.10 0.16 0.55 0.65 0.79 1.19 3.16 7.90  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 30% TEC 0.10 0.14 0.49 0.57 0.70 1.05 2.80 7.00  .1-20  .4-101-5 0.1%- 30% benzyl 0.15 0.30 1.05 1.23 1.50 2.25 6.00 15.00  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.01%- 30% isopropyl 0.15 0.30 1.05 1.23 1.50 2.256.00 15.00  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.1%- 80% butyl 0.13 0.25 0.88 1.031.25 1.88 5.00 12.50  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 lactate 0.1%- 30% stepanol 0.050.09 0.32 0.37 0.45 0.68 1.80 4.50 .01-10 .04-8  1-5 WAC 0.02%- 30%germaben II 0.03 0.05 0.18 0.21 0.25 0.38 1.00 2.00  .001-1.5  .04-1 .5-.8 0.001%- 2% A-46 0.60 1.20 4.20 4.92 6.00 9.00 20.00 20.00 1.5-202.5-15   4-15 propellent 1%-20% DI water 98.60 97.31 90.59 88.97 86.5579.83 50.20 6.00 bal bal bal 0%-98% Range Range Range TT 0831 1 2 3geraniol 0.11 0.12 0.23 0.35 0.59 0.70 0.94 1.17  .1-20  .5-15  1-100.1%- 30% vanillin 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.13 .01-4  0.3-2  1-10 0.01%- 5% IPM 0.1%- 0.20 0.23 0.45 0.68 1.13 1.36 1.81 2.26  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 30% TEC 0.20 0.23 0.45 0.68 1.14 1.36 1.82 2.27  .1-20  .4-101-5 0.1%- 30% isopropyl 1.35 1.50 3.00 4.50 7.50 9.00 12.00 15.00  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.1%- 80% butyl 1.13 1.25 2.50 3.75 6.25 7.50 10.0012.50  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 lactate 0.1%- 30% stepanol 0.41 0.45 0.90 1.352.25 2.70 3.60 4.50 .01-10 .04-8  1-5 WAC 0.02%- 30% thyme oil 1.16 1.292.58 3.87 6.45 7.74 10.32 12.90 1.2-25   2-20  4-10 white 3 0%-30%linalool 0.14 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.80 0.96 1.28 1.61 .12-25  .2-20  .4-10 0%-30% THL 0%- 0.20 0.22 0.44 0.66 1.10 1.32 1.76 2.20  .2-25  .4-20 .8-10  30% heliotropine 0.24 0.27 0.53 0.80 1.33 1.60 2.13 2.66 .04-12.08-9  .12-5   0.01%- 15% DI water 48.47 47.66 45.25 42.33 36.49 33.5627.72 21.87 bal bal bal 0%-98% shampoo 46.38 46.63 43.31 40.51 34.9232.12 26.53 20.93 bal bal bal base 0%- 98% Range Range Range TT 1 2 3geraniol 0.11 0.12 0.18 0.29 0.35 0.39 0.47 0.70  .1-20  .5-15  1-100.1%- 30% vanillin 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.08 .01-4  0.3-2  1-10 0.01%- 5% IPM 0.1%- 0.20 0.23 0.34 0.57 0.68 0.75 0.90 1.36  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 30% TEC 0.20 0.23 0.34 0.57 0.68 0.75 0.91 1.36  .1-20  .4-101-5 0.1%- 30% benzyl 1.35 1.50 2.25 3.75 4.50 4.95 6.00 9.00  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.01%- 30% isopropyl 1.35 1.50 2.25 3.75 4.50 4.956.00 9.00  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.1%- 80% butyl 1.13 1.25 1.88 3.133.75 4.13 5.00 7.50  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 lactate 0.1%- 30% stepanol 0.410.45 0.68 1.13 1.35 1.49 1.80 2.70 .01-10 .04-8  1-5 WAC 0.02%- 30%germaben II 0.23 0.25 0.38 0.63 0.75 0.83 1.00 1.50  .001-1.5  .04-1 .5-.8 0.001%- 2% A-46 5.40 6.00 9.00 15.00 18.00 19.80 24.00 36.001.5-20 2.5-15  4-15 propellent 1%-20% thyme oil 1.16 1.29 1.94 3.23 3.874.26 5.16 7.74 1.2-25  2-20  4-10 white 3 0%-30% linalool 0.14 0.16 0.240.40 0.48 0.53 0.64 0.96 .12-25  .2-20  .4-10  0%-30% THL 0%- 0.20 0.220.33 0.55 0.66 0.73 0.88 1.32  .2-25  .4-20  .8-10  30% heliotropine0.24 0.27 0.40 0.67 0.80 0.88 1.06 1.60 .04-12 .08-9  .12-5   0.01%- 15%DI water 87.88 86.53 79.80 66.33 59.59 55.55 46.12 19.18 bal bal bal0%-98% Range Range Range B-5096 1 2 3 geraniol 0.16 0.41 0.82 1.64 2.464.10 4.92 6.56  .1-20  .5-15  1-10 0.1%- 30% vanillin 0.04 0.10 0.190.38 0.57 0.95 1.14 1.52 .01-4  0.3-2   1-10 0.01%- 5% IPM 0.1%- 0.160.40 0.79 1.58 2.37 3.95 4.74 6.32  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 30% TEC 0.14 0.350.70 1.40 2.10 3.50 4.20 5.60  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 0.1%- 30% isopropyl 0.300.75 1.50 3.00 4.50 7.50 9.00 12.00  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.1%- 80%butyl 0.25 0.63 1.25 2.50 3.75 6.25 7.50 10.00  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 lactate0.1%- 30% stepanol 0.09 0.23 0.45 0.90 1.35 2.25 2.70 3.60 .01-10 .04-8 1-5 WAC 0.02%- 30% DI water 98.86 97.15 94.30 88.60 82.90 71.50 65.8054.40 bal bal bal 0%-98% Range Range Range B-5062 1 2 3 geraniol 0.110.12 0.35 0.59 0.70 0.82 1.17 1.40  .1-20  .5-15  1-10 0.1%- 30%vanillin 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.16 .01-4  0.3-2   1-100.01%- 5% IPM 0.1%- 0.20 0.23 0.68 1.13 1.36 1.58 2.26 2.71  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 30% TEC 0.20 0.23 0.68 1.14 1.36 1.59 2.27 2.72  .1-20  .4-101-5 0.1%- 30% isopropyl 1.35 1.50 4.50 7.50 9.00 10.50 15.00 18.00 .1-20  .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.1%- 80% butyl 1.13 1.25 3.75 6.25 7.50 8.7512.50 15.00  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 lactate 0.1%- 30% stepanol 0.41 0.45 1.352.25 2.70 3.15 4.50 5.40 .01-10 .04-8  1-5 WAC 0.02%- 30% thyme oil 1.161.29 3.87 6.45 7.74 9.03 12.90 15.48 1.2-25   2-20  4-10 white 3 0%-30%linalool 0.14 0.16 0.48 0.80 0.96 1.12 1.61 1.93 .12-25  .2-20  .4-10 0%-30% THL 0%- 0.20 0.22 0.66 1.10 1.32 1.54 2.20 2.64  .2-25  .4-20 .8-10  30% heliotropine 0.24 0.27 0.80 1.33 1.60 1.86 2.66 3.19 .04-12.08-9  .12-5   0.01%- 15% DI water 94.85 94.21 82.84 71.40 65.68 59.9642.81 31.37 bal bal bal 0%-98% B-5096 Range Range Range propellent 1 2 3geraniol 0.41 0.66 0.82 2.46 3.28 4.10 5.74 8.20  .1-20  .5-15  1-100.1%- 30% vanillin 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.33 1.90 .01-4  0.3-2  1-10 0.01%- 5% IPM 0.1%- 0.40 0.63 0.79 2.37 3.16 3.95 5.53 7.90  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 30% TEC 0.35 0.56 0.70 2.10 2.80 3.50 4.90 7.00  .1-20  .4-101-5 0.1%- 30% isopropyl 0.75 1.20 1.50 4.50 6.00 7.50 10.50 15.00  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.1%- 80% butyl 0.63 1.00 1.25 3.75 5.00 6.25 8.7512.50  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 lactate 0.1%- 30% stepanol 0.23 0.36 0.45 1.351.80 2.25 3.15 4.50 .01-10 .04-8  1-5 WAC 0.02%- 30% germaben II 0.130.20 0.25 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.75 2.50  .001-1.5  .04-1  .5-.8 0.001%- 2%A-46 3.00 4.80 6.00 18.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 1.5-20 2.5-15  4-15propellent 1%-20% DI water 94.03 90.44 88.05 64.15 56.20 50.25 38.3520.50 bal bal bal 0%-98% B-5062 Range Range Range propellent 1 2 3geraniol 0.11 0.12 0.23 0.35 0.59 0.82 1.17 1.40  .1-20  .5-15  1-100.1%- 30% vanillin 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.13 0.16 .01-4  0.3-2  1-10 0.01%- 5% IPM 0.1%- 0.20 0.23 0.45 0.68 1.13 1.58 2.26 2.71  .1-20 .4-10 1-5 30% TEC 0.20 0.23 0.45 0.68 1.14 1.59 2.27 2.72  .1-20  .4-101-5 0.1%- 30% isopropyl 1.35 1.50 3.00 4.50 7.50 10.50 15.00 18.00 .1-20  .4-10 1-5 alcohol 0.1%- 80% butyl 1.13 1.25 2.50 3.75 6.25 8.7512.50 15.00  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 lactate 0.1%- 30% stepanol 0.41 0.45 0.901.35 2.25 3.15 4.50 5.40 .01-10 .04-8  1-5 WAC 0.02%- 30% germaben II0.23 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.25 1.75 2.50 3.00  .001-1.5  .04-1  .5-.8 0.001%-2% thyme oil 1.16 1.29 2.58 3.87 6.45 9.03 12.90 15.48 1.2-25   2-20 4-10 white 3 0%-30% linalool 0.14 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.80 1.12 1.61 1.93.12-25  .2-20  .4-10  0%-30% THL 0%- −0.20 0.22 0.44 0.66 1.10 1.54 2.202.64  .2-25  .4-20  .8-10  30% heliotropine 0.24 0.27 0.53 0.80 1.331.86 2.66 3.19 .04-12 .08-9  .12-5   0.01%- 15% A-46 5.40 6.00 12.0018.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 1.5-20 2.5-15  4-15 propellent 1%-20% DIwater 89.23 88.03 76.06 64.09 50.15 38.21 20.31 8.37 bal bal bal 0%-98%TT personal Range Range Range repellent 1 2 3 geraniol 1.50 2.50 3.505.00 7.50 9.00 10.00 12.50  .1-20  .5-15  1-10 0.1%- 30% vanillin 0.751.25 1.75 2.50 3.75 4.50 5.00 6.25 .01-4  0.3-2   1-10 0.01%- 5% IPM0.1%- 3.06 5.10 7.14 10.20 15.30 18.36 20.40 25.50  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 30%TEC 2.79 4.65 6.51 9.30 13.95 16.74 18.60 23.25  .1-20  .4-10 1-5 0.1%-30% lauric 3.00 5.00 7.00 10.00 15.00 18.00 20.00 25.00   2-40   5-3010-20 acid 0.01%- 50% vitamin e 0.30 0.50 0.70 1.00 1.50 1.80 2.00 2.50.2-8 .5-5 1-3 0%-10% isopropyl 29.24 26.73 24.22 21.00 14.19 10.43 7.921.65 bal bal bal alcohol 0.1%- 80% white 59.36 54.27 49.18 41.00 28.8121.17 16.08 3.35 bal bal bal mineral oil 0%- 98%

To produce the water-based formulation, the arthropod controlcomposition containing one or more plant essential oils is mixed withwater to create a slurry. The surfactant is then added to create certainembodiments of the water-based formulation. To create other embodimentsof the water-based formulation, the solvent is then added. The finalconcentration of the arthropod control composition in the formulationmay be, for example, about 10-25%. The final concentration of thesurfactant in the formulation may be, for example, about 1-10%. Thefinal concentration of the solvent in the formulation may be, forexample, 0 to about 80%. Some embodiments of the present invention arecharacterized by rapid killing, e.g., kill-on-contact, and someembodiments are characterized by residual effects, i.e., formulationremains on treated surface affecting arthropod control for an extendedperiod of time. In the case of the embodiment characterized by residualeffects, it should be noted that the solvent-component of theformulation is not necessary. In such embodiments of the invention, theformulation includes: water, an arthropod control composition, asurfactant, and a stabilizer. Such embodiments may optionally includethe solvent described herein.

Once the water-based formulation has been prepared, it may be applied toa desired host, area, or object to affect arthropod control. Onceapplied, it will form a thin film on the treated surfaces, adheringthereto and providing effective arthropod control. The formulation maybe applied to the host, area, or object in a variety of manners known inthe art, for example, the formulation may be prepared as an aerosol ortrigger spray.

Certain mixtures of liquefied hydrocarbons, such as propellants A-46,A-70, or 142A may be used as propellants in embodiments of spraymixtures. Where an embodiment describes the use of one propellant, otherembodiments are specifically contemplated in which the designatedpropellant is replaced with any of the other propellant, or a mixture ofany of these propellants with each other or with the designatedpropellant.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the present invention encompasses amixture of an arthropod control composition including one or more plantessential oils with a carrier. For example, embodiments of the presentinvention can include a carrier having a surface area, with thearthropod control composition coated on the surface area of the carrier.The carrier may be, for example, crystals, powder, dust, granules or thelike, which provides an absorption surface area for the arthropodcontrol compositions. One example of a carrier that can be used inaccordance with the present invention is diatomaceous earth (DE). DE isa naturally occurring sedimentary rock that is easily crumbled into afine powder. This powder has an abrasive feel, similar to pumice powder,and is very light, due to its high porosity. Diatomaceous earth consistsof fossilized remains of diatoms, a type of hard-shelled algae.

To produce certain embodiments of the present invention, the carrier andthe arthropod control composition are mixed to allow the carrier tobecome coated with the composition.

In some embodiments of the invention, after the carrier has been coatedwith the arthropod control composition to form the formulation, theformulation can be applied to a desired host, area, or object to affectarthropod control. Because the carrier reduces the volatility of thearthropod control composition, the composition will remain active for anamount of time that is greater than the time the composition, alone,i.e., unformulated composition, would remain active. As such, theformulation continues to provide arthropod control after the time bywhich the composition, alone, would have volatilized.

Embodiments of the present invention can be used to control arthropodsby treating an area directly. For example, the area can be treated byspreading or dispersing the formulation, for example, manually,automatically, with a fertilizer spreader, or the like.

An area can be treated with a composition of the present invention, forexample, by using a spray formulation, such as an aerosol or a pumpspray, or a burning formulation, such as a candle or a piece of incensecontaining the composition. Of course, various treatment methods can beused without departing from the spirit and scope of the presentinvention. For example, compositions can be comprised in householdproducts such as: air fresheners (including heated air fresheners inwhich arthropod repellent substances are released upon heating, e.g.,electrically, or by burning); hard surface cleaners; or laundry products(e.g., laundry detergent-containing compositions, conditioners).

In certain embodiments of the invention, an area can be treated with acomposition of the present invention, for example, by using a sprayformulation, such as an aerosol or a pump spray, or a burningformulation, such as a candle or a piece of incense containing thecomposition, or the like. In certain embodiments of the invention, anarea can be treated, for example, via aerial delivery, by truck-mountedequipment, or the like. Of course, various treatment methods can be usedwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.For example, compositions can be comprised in household products, forexample, hard surface cleaners, and the like.

An exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention can delivera pest control composition to the atmosphere in a continuous manner overa period of time. The exemplary dispenser can include a reservoir forholding a pest control composition, and a wick for drawing thecomposition from the reservoir and releasing the arthropod controlcomposition into the atmosphere. The reservoir can be constructed from amaterial that is impermeable to the pest control composition, forexample, appropriate glass, ceramic, or polymeric materials can be used.The reservoir can include an aperture, which can be sealed or unsealed,as desired. When the exemplary system of the present invention is not inuse, the aperture can be sealed to prevent the release of the pestcontrol composition into the atmosphere. It may be desirable, forexample, to seal the aperture when the exemplary system is being storedor transported. When the system is in use, the aperture is unsealed,such that the wick can draw the pest control composition from thereservoir, and release the control composition through the aperture intothe atmosphere.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the rate of release of thecomposition can be controlled, for example, by making adjustments to thewick of the dispenser. For example, the surface area of the wick that isexposed to the atmosphere can be altered. Generally, the greater theexposed surface area, the greater the rate of release of the pestcontrol composition. In this regard, in certain embodiments, thedispenser can include multiple wicks and the reservoir can includemultiple apertures through which the arthropod control composition canbe released into the atmosphere. As another example, the wick can beconstructed from a particular material that draws the pest controlcomposition from the reservoir and releases it into the environment at adesired rate, such as, for example, a wick made of wood, a wick made ofa synthetic fiber, or the like.

Another exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention candeliver an arthropod control composition to a desired area. Thedispenser can include a sealed pouch that can be constructed from amaterial that is impermeable to the arthropod control composition, forexample, a metallic foil, a polymeric material, or the like. The pouchcan define a volume for holding the arthropod control composition. Thecomposition can be provided in a material disposed within the volume ofthe pouch, for example, a sponge, a cloth saturated with the material,or the like. When it becomes desirable to place the exemplary systeminto use, the pouch can be unsealed, exposing the composition forrelease into the atmosphere or for application to a desired area.

In certain embodiments the arthropod control composition is provided ina saturated cloth within the pouch, which can be used to apply thecontrol composition a desired area. For example, a desired area can bean animal, such as a human, a domestic animal, surfaces within adwelling, an outdoor living area, or the like.

In certain embodiments the arthropod control composition is provided ina concentrate that may be, for example, tank mixed. In certainembodiments the arthropod control composition is provided in a pouchthat can be mixed with water and other adjuvents.

In certain embodiments, the dispenser can further include a hook,allowing the pouch and exposed control composition to be hung in adesired location, such as in a closet or a pantry.

In certain embodiments, a method of the present invention can deliver anarthropod control composition to a desired area. In certain embodiments,a dispenser used with the method can be constructed from a substantiallyplanar, integral piece of material, having a first side that is coatedwith control composition, and a second side that is not coated withcontrol composition. The integral piece of material can be folded andsealed such that the side coated with the control composition iscontained within the volume defined by the sealed pouch. When the pouchis unsealed, the side that is coated with control composition isexposed. The substantially planar piece of material can be placed in adesired location to deliver control composition to the atmosphere, or tocrawling arthropods that walk across the material.

Another exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention candeliver an arthropod control composition to a desired area. The controlcomposition can be incorporated into an appropriate material. In certainembodiments, the composition-containing material can be a material thatis capable of controlling the release rate of the control composition,i.e., controlled-release material, allowing the control composition tobe released into the atmosphere at a desired rate that can be adjustedby providing controlled-release material having appropriatespecifications. The controlled-release material can be constructed froman appropriate polymer. In other embodiments the composition-containingmaterial does not allow the control composition to be released into theatmosphere, but rather retains the control composition. An optionalcasing that is impermeable to the arthropod control composition can beprovided to hold the composition-containing material until the system isready for use. When the system is ready for use, the casing can bepeeled away, exposing the composition-containing material. Thecomposition-containing material can be placed in a desired location todeliver control composition to crawling arthropods that walk across thematerial, or to deliver the control composition to the atmosphere when acontrolled-release material is used, e.g., control flying arthropods.

In certain embodiments, the composition-containing material can have asubstantially planar design, appropriate for positioning adjacent amattress for controlling lice or bed bugs, e.g., Cimex lectularius. Asubstantially planar design can also be used, for example, as or with apicnic table cloth. In certain embodiments, the composition-containingmaterial can be used as ground cover for a garden bed or adjacent cropplants to control weeds. In certain embodiments, thecomposition-containing material can take the shape of a bag, and couldbe used for trash collection, while controlling arthropods commonlyattracted to household garbage or other trash.

Another exemplary dispenser of a system of the present invention can bea substantially dry sheet containing the control composition, whichcontrol composition can be applied to a desired location upon exposingthe cloth to water or an aqueous liquid, e.g., perspiration. In certainembodiments, the dry sheet containing the control composition candissolve into a cream or gel when exposed to water or an aqueous liquid,which can then be applied to a desired area. For example, a desired areacan be an animal, such as a human, a domestic animal, or another animal.

The compositions of the present invention can be used to controlarthropods by either treating a host directly, or treating an area inwhich the host will be located. For example, the host can be treateddirectly by using a cream or spray formulation, which can be appliedexternally or topically, e.g., to the skin of a human. A composition canbe applied to the host, for example, in the case of a human, usingformulations of a variety of personal products or cosmetics for use onthe skin or hair. For example, any of the following can be used:fragrances, colorants, pigments, dyes, colognes, skin creams, skinlotions, deodorants, talcs, bath oils, soaps, shampoos, hairconditioners, mousses, and styling agents.

In certain embodiments, the arthropod control composition is provided asa foam or mousse that is applied to the skin or hair of a host. A foamor mousse maintains the homogeneity of the formulation, reducing theseparation that might occur with liquids, which may increasebioavailability of actives. It has been found that the mousseformulation makes lice and nit removal much easier. Personalobservations by the clinical study PI (principal investigator) suggestthe TyraTech formulation may be causing a ‘flushing action’ of the licei.e. immediately after the treatment is applied, the affected liceappear to quickly move to the outer portions of the hair to die ratherthan staying near the scalp. This ‘flushing action’ is unexpected andcontrary to a louse's typical biological behavior. Typically a lousewould migrate toward the scalp to avoid light and to achieve additionalpurchase against the scalp and base of the hair follicles.

The present invention comprises compositions for controlling arthropodsand methods for using these compositions. The present inventioncomprises compositions for controlling arthropods, which comprise one ormore plant essential oils and methods for using these compositions. Inthose compositions including more than one oil, each oil can make upbetween about 0.1% to about 99%, by weight, of the composition mixture.For example, one composition of the present invention comprises about 1%thymol and about 99% geraniol. The plant essential oils, when combined,can have a synergistic effect. The compositions of the present inventioncan include any of the following oils listed below, or mixtures thereof:

trans-anethole lime oil piperonyl Black seed oil (BSO) d-limonenepiperonyl acetate camphene linalyl anthranilate piperonyl alcohol catnipoil linalool piperonyl amine quinone carvacrol lindenol sabinened-carvone methyl citrate α-terpinene l-carvone methyl di- terpinene 9001,8-cineole hydrojasmonate α-terpineol p-cymene myrcene gamma-terpineoldodecanoic acid perillyl alcohol 2-tert-butyl-p-quinone diethylphthalate phenyl acetaldehyde α-thujone eugenol phenylethyl alcoholthyme oil geraniol phenylethyl propionate thymol isopropyl citrateα-pinene white pepper lauric acid β-pinene wintergreen oil lemon grassoil piperine Nootkatone lilac flower oil (LFO) piperonal

The compositions of the present invention may also include any of thefollowing oils listed below, or mixtures thereof:

Allyl sulfide α-farnesene 1-octanol Allyl trisulfide (Z,E)-α-farnesene Eocimenone Allyl-disulfide E-β-farnesene Z ocimenone Anethole Fenchone3-octanone t-anethole Forskolin Ocimene Artemisia alcohol acetateFuranodiene Octyl acetate Benzaldehyde Furanoeudesma-1,3- PD 98059Benzoic acid diene Peanut oil Benzyl acetate Furanoeudesma-1,4- Perillylalcohol Benzyl alcohol diene Peppermint oil Bergamotene Furano germacraPermethrin β-bisabolene 1,10(15)-diene-6-one α-phellandrene Bisaboleneoxide Furanosesquiterpene β-phellandrene α-bisabolol Garlic oilPhenethyl propionate Bisabolol oxide Geraniol Phenyl acetaldehydeBisobolol oxide β Geraniol acetate Piperonal Bornyl acetate Germacrene DPiperonyl β-bourbonene Germacrene B Piperonyl acetate Butyl lactateGrapefruit oil Piperonyl alcohol Black seed oil α-gurjunene Piperonylamine α-cadinol α-humulene α-pinene Camphene α-ionone β-pineneα-campholene β-ionone Pine oil α-campholene aldehyde IsoborneolTrans-pinocarveol camphor Isofuranogermacrene Prenal carvacrolIso-menthone Propargite d-carvone Isopropanol Pulegone 1-carvoneIsopropyl alcohol Pyrethrum trans-caryophyllene Isopropyl MyristateQuinine castor oil Isopropyl citrate Rosemary oil cedar oil Iso-pulegoneSabinene carbaryl Jasmone Sabinyl acetate 1,8-cineole cis-jasmoneSafflower oil Caryophyllene oxide Lanolin α-santalene Chamazulene Lauricacid Santalol Chrysanthemate ester Lavandustin A Sativen Chrysanthemicacid Lecithin δ-selinene Chrysanthemyl alcohol Lemon oilβ-sesquphelandrene Cinnamaldehyde Lemon grass oil Silicone fluidcinnamyl alcohol Lilac flower oil Sodium dodecyl sulfate cinnamon oilLime oil Sodium lauryl sulfate Cinnamon bark oil Limonene Soybean oilCinnamon leaf oil d-limonene Spathulenol Cis-verbenol Linalool TagetoneCitral A Linalyl acetate Tangerine oil Citral B Linalyl anthranilateTamoxifen Citronellal Lindestrene Tebufenozide Citronella oil Lindenolα-terpinene Citronellol Linseed oil Terpinene 900 Citronellyl acetateMethyl-allyl-trisulfide α-terpineol Citronellyl formate Mentholα-terpinolene Clove oil 2-methoxy furanodiene Gamma-terpineol α-copaenementhone α-terpinyl acetate cornmint oil Menthyl acetatetetrahydrofurfuryl Corn oil Methyl acetate alcohol β-costol Methylsalicylate α-thujone Cryptone Methyl cinnamate Thyme oil CurzerenoneMint thymol Cumin oil p-cymene Thymyl methyl ether d-Carvone Mineral oilTocopherol l-Carvone Musk abrette Trans-caryophyllene Davanone MyrceneTrans-pinocarveol Diallyl tetrasulfide Nepetalactone Trans-verbenoldiethyl phthalate Menthyl salicylate Cis-verbenol DihydropyrocurzerenoneMyrtenal Triethyl Citrate Dihydrotagentone Neraldimethyl acetate Valerieanhydride Vitamin E Nerolidol Vanillin Nootkatone Nonanone VerbenoneDodecanoic acid Gamma-nonalactone White Mineral Oil β-elemene Oil ofpennyroyal Yomogi alcohol gamma-elemene Olive oil Zingiberene ElmolOrange sweet oil Catnip oil Estragole Orange oil Catmint oil2-ethyl-2-hexen-1-ol Eugenol acetate Eugenol

Optionally, the compositions can additionally comprise a fixed oil,which is a non-volatile non-scented plant oil. For example, thecomposition could include one or more of the following fixed oils listedbelow:

castor oil linseed oil safflower oil corn oil mineral oil sesame oilcottonseed oil olive oil soybean oil cumin oil peanut oil

In some embodiments of the compositions, it can be desirable to includecompounds each having a purity of about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, or 95%. For example, in some embodiments of the compositions thatinclude geraniol, it can be desirable to include a geraniol that is atleast about 60%, 85% or 95% pure. In some embodiments, it can bedesirable to include a specific type of geraniol. For example, in someembodiments, the compositions can include: geraniol 60, geraniol 85, orgeraniol 95. When geraniol is obtained as geraniol 60, geraniol 85, orgeraniol 95, then forty percent, fifteen percent, or five percent of theoil can be Nerol. Nerol is a monoterpene (C10H18O), that can beextracted from attar of roses, oil of orange blossoms and oil oflavender. Embodiments of the present invention can includeart-recognized ingredients normally used in such formulations. Theseingredients can include, for example, antifoaming agents, anti-microbialagents, anti-oxidants, anti-redeposition agents, bleaches, colorants,emulsifiers, enzymes, fats, fluorescent materials, fungicides,hydrotropes, moisturizers, optical brighteners, perfume carriers,perfume, preservatives, proteins, silicones, soil release agents,solubilizers, sugar derivatives, sun screens, surfactants, vitamins,waxes, and the like.

In certain embodiments, embodiments of the present invention can alsocontain other adjuvants or modifiers such as one or more therapeuticallyor cosmetically active ingredients. Exemplary therapeutic orcosmetically active ingredients useful in the compositions of theinvention can include, for example, fungicides, sunscreening agents,sunblocking agents, vitamins, tanning agents, plant extracts,anti-inflammatory agents, anti-oxidants, radical scavenging agents,retinoids, alpha-hydroxy acids, emollients (such as adipic acid),antiseptics, antibiotics, antibacterial agents, antihistamines, and thelike, and can be present in an amount effective for achieving thetherapeutic or cosmetic result desired.

In some embodiments, compositions of this invention can include one ormore materials that can function as an antioxidant, such as reducingagents and free radical scavengers. Suitable materials that can functionas an antioxidant can include, for example: acetyl cysteine, ascorbicacid, t-butyl hydroquinone, cysteine, diamylhydroquinone, erythorbicacid, ferulic acid, hydroquinone, p-hydroxyanisole, hydroxylaminesulfate, magnesium ascorbate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, octocrylene,phloroglucinol, potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate, potassiumsulfite, rutin, sodium ascorbate, sodium sulfite, sodium thloglycolate,thiodiglycol, thiodiglycolamide, thioglycolic acid, thiosalicylic acid,tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate,tris(nonylpheny)phosphite, and the like.

Embodiments of the invention can also include one or more materials thatcan function as a chelating agent to complex with metallic ions. Thisaction can help to inactivate the metallic ions for the purpose ofpreventing their adverse effects on the stability or appearance of aformulated composition. Chelating agents suitable for use in anembodiment of this invention can include, for example, aminotrimethylenephosphonic acid, beta-alanine diacetic acid, calcium disodium EDTA,citric acid, cyclodextrin, cyclohexanediamine tetraacetic acid,diammonium citrate, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodiumazacycloheptane diphosphonate, disodium EDTA, disodium pyrophosphate,EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid), gluconic acid, HEDTA(hydroxyethyl ethylene diamine triacetic acid), methyl cyclodextrin,pentapotassium triphosphate, pentasodium aminotrimethylene phosphonate,pentasodium triphosphate, pentetic acid, phytic acid, potassium citrate,potassium gluconate, sodium citrate, sodium diethylenetriaminepentamethylene phosphonate, sodium dihydroxyethylglycinate, sodiumgluconate, sodium metaphosphate, sodium metasilicate, sodium phytate,triethanolamine (“TEA”)-EDTA, TEA-polyphosphate, tetrahydroxypropylethylenediamine, tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, tetrasodium EDTA,tetrasodium pyrophosphate, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, trisodiumHEDTA, trisodium phosphate, and the like.

Embodiments of the invention can also include one or more materials thatcan function as a foaming agent, a stabilizer, a viscosity booster, orprovide other useful and/or beneficial properties. Such agents suitablefor use in an embodiment of this invention can include, for example,cocamide DEA, cocamide MEA, cocamide TEA, PEG-5 cocamide, PEG 20, PEG 80cocamidopropyl betaine, ammonium xylenesulfonate, Glycerol stearate,Glycerol distearate, Sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, glycerine,propylene glycol, modified cellulose based thickeners, DMDM hydantoin,imidazolidinyl urea, isothiazolinone, methylisothiazolinone,methylchloroisothiazolinone, Sodium benzoate,2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol, citric acid, sodium citrate, siliconeoils such as dimethicone and cyclome, panthenol, Long chain fattyalcohols like cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol and stearyl alcohol,stearalkonium chloride, disteardimonium chloride, quaternium-5,quaternium-15, quaternium-18, polyquaternium-10, cetrimonium chloride,isopropyl palmitate, Methyl isothiazolinone, ketoconazole, zincpyrithione, selenium sulfide, salicylate derivatives, dyes, coloringagents, polyethoxylated synthetic glycolipids, polyethoxylated syntheticmonoglycerides, oatmeal, hydrocortisone, Aloe Vera, pramoxinehydrochloride, menthol, diphenhydramine, sulfur, salicylic acid,selenium sulfide, benzoyl peroxide, chlorhexidine, povidone iodine,triclosan, ethyl lactate, lecithin, paraben, methylparaben,propylparaben, lanolin, Behentrimonium Chloride, and laureth-4.

Embodiments of the invention can also include one or more materials thatcan function as a humectant. A humectant is added to a composition toretard moisture loss during use, which effect is accomplished, ingeneral, by the presence therein of hygroscopic materials.

In some other embodiments, each compound can make up between about 1% toabout 99%, by weight (wt/wt %) or by volume (vol/vol %), of thecomposition. For example, one composition of the present inventioncomprises about 0.821% geraniol, about 0.794% isopropyl myristate, andabout 1.5% benzyl alcohol. As used herein, percent amounts, by weight orby volume, of compounds are to be understood as referring to relativeamounts of the compounds. As such, for example, a composition including7% linalool, 35% thymol, 4% alpha-pinene, 30% para-cymene, and 24% soybean oil (vol/vol %) can be said to include a ratio of 7 to 35 to 4 to30 to 24 linalool, thymol, alpha-pinene, para-cymene, and soybean oil,respectively (by volume). As such, if one compound is removed from thecomposition, or additional compounds or other ingredients are added tothe composition, it is contemplated that the remaining compounds can beprovided in the same relative amounts. For example, if soybean oil wereremoved from the exemplary composition, the resulting composition wouldinclude 7 to 35 to 4 to 40 linalool, thymol, alpha-pinene, andpara-cymene, respectively (by volume). This resulting composition wouldinclude 9.21% linalool, 46.05% thymol, 5.26% alpha-pinene, and 39.48%para-cymene (vol/vol %). For another example, if safflower oil wereadded to the original composition to yield a final compositioncontaining 40% (vol/vol) safflower oil, then the resulting compositionwould include 4.2% linalool, 21% thymol, 2.4% alpha-pinene, 18%para-cymene, 14.4% soy bean oil, and 40% safflower oil (vol/vol %). Onehaving ordinary skill in the art would understand that volumepercentages are easily converted to weight percentages based on theknown or measured specific gravity of the substance.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to include anaturally-occurring version or a synthetic version of a compound. Incertain exemplary compositions, it can be desirable to include acompound that is designated as meeting Food Chemical Codex (FCC), forexample, Geraniol Fine FCC or Tetrahydrolinalool FCC, which compoundscan be obtained, for example, from Renessenz LLC.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to combine an arthropodcontrol blend as described herein with a synthetic insecticide such aspyrethroid compound, a nitroguanidine compound or a chloronicotinylcompound. For example, in certain embodiments it can be desirable tocombine a blend with delatamethrin, clothianidin or imidacloprid, or acombination thereof. Delatamethrin is available for example from AgrEvoEnvironmental Health, Inc., of Montvale, N.J. Clothianidin andimidacloprid are available from Bayer CropScience LP of ResearchTriangle Park, N.C.

In embodiments of the invention that include at least one blend ofcompounds of a plant origin, the compounds of plant origin can be testedfor their precise chemical composition using, for example, High-PressureLiquid Chromatography (HPLC), Mass Spectrometry (MS), gaschromatography, or the like.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within an acceptable errorrange for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill inthe art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured ordetermined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system, i.e., thedegree of precision required for a particular purpose, such as apharmaceutical formulation. For example, “about” can mean within 1 ormore than 1 standard deviations, per the practice in the art.Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1% of agiven value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biologicalsystems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude,preferably within 5-fold, and more preferably within 2-fold, of a value.Where particular values are described in the application and claims,unless otherwise stated the term “about” meaning within an acceptableerror range for the particular value should be assumed.

The term “substantially,” as used herein, means at least about 80%,preferably at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 99%, forexample at least about 99.9%. In some embodiments, the term“substantially” can mean completely, or about 100%.

Embodiments of the invention can include at least one oil, such as, forexample, “Superior oil,” highly-refined oils, and the like.

“Disablement” is an effect wherein arthropods are mobility-impaired suchthat their mobility is reduced as compared to arthropods that have notbeen exposed to the composition. In some embodiments, disablement is aneffect wherein at least about 75% of arthropods are mobility-impairedsuch that their mobility is reduced as compared to arthropods that havenot been exposed to the composition. In some embodiments, disablement isan effect wherein at least about 90% of arthropods are mobility-impairedsuch that their mobility is reduced as compared to arthropods that havenot been exposed to the composition. In some embodiments, disablementcan be caused by a disabling effect at the cellular or whole-organismlevel.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are provided to further illustrateembodiments of the invention disclosed herein. It should be appreciatedby those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in theexamples that follow represent approaches that have been found tofunction well in the practice of the invention, and thus can beconsidered to constitute examples of modes for its practice. However,those of skill in the art should, in light of the present disclosure,appreciate that many changes can be made in the specific embodimentsthat are disclosed and still obtain a like or similar result withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. Table 3 identifiesthe compounds found in the experimental compositions that will befurther described in the following Examples.

TABLE 3 Ingredients of Compositions used in Examples. Name IngredientsReference Base Isopropyl alcohol, butyl lactate, Stepanol WAC and DIFIG. 1 Water TT HL Killer geraniol, vanillin, IPM, TEC, Benzyl alcohol,Isopropyl FIG. 1, 2, *TT-5096 alcohol, Butyl Lactate, Stepanol WAC,Germaben II, A-46 3, 6, 9, 10, *TT 5096 Propellent, DI Water 11, 12F-4224 Clinical B-5096 treatment Control 100% DI Water FIG. 2, 3, 4Water control Water TyraTech 0831 Geraniol, thyme oil white 3, linalool,THL, vanillin, IPM, FIG. 4, 8 TTN-0831 heliotropine, TEC - in Equatebaby shampoo as base B-5062 TT-HLK + 2.5% Eucalyptus, geraniol,vanillin, IPM, TEC, Benzyl alcohol, FIG. 3 Eucalyptus Isopropyl alcohol,Butyl Lactate, Stepanol WAC, Germaben II, A-46 Propellent, DI WaterTyraTech Geraniol, thyme oil white 3, linalool, THL, vanillin, IPM, FIG.5 heliotropine, TEC Benzyl alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol, Butyl Lactate,Stepanol WAC, DI Water F-4224 + 2% Dimeticone dimeticone, geraniol,vanillin, IPM, TEC, Benzyl alcohol, FIG. 9, 10, Isopropyl alcohol, ButylLactate, Stepanol WAC, 11, 12 Germaben II, A-46 Propellent, DI WaterB-5096 Geraniol, vanillin, IPM, TEC - Isopropyl alcohol, butyl FIG. 13,14 lactate, Stepanol WAC and DI Water B-5062 Geraniol, thyme oil white3, linalool, THL, vanillin, IPM, FIG. 13, 14 heliotropine, TEC -Isopropyl alcohol, butyl lactate, Stepanol WAC and DI Water B-5096Geraniol, vanillin, IPM, TEC - Isopropyl alcohol, butyl FIG. 15, 16lactate, Stepanol WAC, Germaben II, A-46 Propellent and DI Water B-5062Geraniol, thyme oil white 3, linalool, THL, vanillin, IPM, FIG. 15, 16heliotropine, TEC - Isopropyl alcohol, butyl lactate, Stepanol WAC,Germaben II, A-46 Propellent and DI Water BA Benzyl alcohol FIG. 13, 14,15, 16 Nix Commercial formula - Nix Lice Treatment Crème Rinse: FIG. 21% permethrin Rid Commercial formula - Rid Lice Killing Shampoo: 0.33%FIG. 2 pyrethrins/4% PBO Lice Shield Commercial formula FIG. 3 Pouxit XFCommercial formula - Pouxit XF: dimeticone FIG. 9 Lice Free Commercialformula FIG. 13, 14 TT Personal Repellent geraniol, vanillin, lauricacid, IPM, TEC, Isopropanol, FIG. 3 White mineral oil, vitimine E

Example 1 Mode of Action Study

Assay was designed to test the mortality of products against all stagesof head lice using a standard dip method protocol, as described in thisExample 1. Head lice were collected from patients and put into moistfilter paper lined petri dishes. 10 head lice per replication weretreated, rinsed, and evaluated. The procedure was repeated 3 times andevaluated at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 hours. Time of death was recordedwhen all movement and peristalsis of the gut ceases.

Target species: Pediculus humanus capitis (Head Louse). Test Species perreplication: 10 lice. Dip bioassay (6 ml of solution) with 15 minuteexposure to treatment. Mortality was assessed at one, two, three, andfour hours post-treatment. Treatments were performed during the daytime,between 10 am and 4 pm. Death was the evaluation parameter. Minimumnumber of replicates: 20.

The collecting technicians washed their hands with antibacterial soapand rinse in clean tap water, followed by a rinse of 70% alcohol toremove any possible contaminants. Using a lighted circular 15×magnifying lamp, the technicians removed the lice from heads of infestedindividuals with entomological forceps to avoid physical damage to thelice. These lice were placed in a glass Petri dish (100×15 mm) eachcontaining a 100% cotton circular cloth disk which had been dampenedwith filtered or distilled water to prevent the lice from dehydration.Specimens were examined with a microscope by the investigator forviability, intact legs and antennae's.

New cotton cloths were washed with a small quantity of non-medicatedanionic shampoo (Prell). Towels were thoroughly rinsed and machinedried. Twenty centimeter diameter disks were cut from these preparedtowels. This specific cloth was used for the simulation of hair.Multiple subjects were used as the source for all the lice used in thisstudy. Lice of different stages of both genders were gently transferredfrom infested participants to the test dishes using entomologicalforceps to avoid physical damage to the lice. Lice removed from thesubjects' hair were stored in an incubator and used within two hours ofcollection. The incubator temperature were maintained at 31.7(±0.5°) C.(89° F.) and at a relative humidity of 60±10%.

At the start of the test, 10 lice were put into the bottom of a 60×15 mmpetri and 6 ml of the test formula were measured into a sterile glassvial and dumped onto the lice and allowed to sit for a specified timei.e., 15 minutes. A glass stir rod was carefully used to gently mix thematerial around to remove air bubbles. A cloth disk was then put on topof the material to keep any lice from floating to the surface of thetreatment. After a set time the lice were dumped onto a sieve and washedwith tepid water until all treatment was removed. Using soft touchforceps the lice were transferred onto a moist filter paper coveredpetri dish (100×15 mm) and observed for 4 hours and again at 24 hourspost treatment. Time of death was recorded when all movement andperistalsis of the gut ceases. Tests were conducted under artificiallighting at laboratory temperatures of 72°.

Louse must fit specific qualifications prior to test. Must not act orlook to be damaged or injured; must have all six legs. Louse had notbeen treated while on the patient at anytime. Louse was used within 4hour after the louse was collected off patient; while awaiting testing,louse was put into an environmental chamber with a temperature between31.7±2 degrees Celsius with relative humidity between 30-60 percent.

The objective of this experiment was to examine Geraniol, IPM, BenzylAlcohol, butyl lactate, vanillin, and triethyl citrate independently andin combination to provide information about the contribution of eachcomponent to further elucidate the mode of action of each component. Ithas been well-established (Lei, et al. (2010). Nematicidal activity oftwo monoterpenoids and SER-2 tyramine receptor of Caenorhabditiselegans. Biochemical Pharmacology, 79(7), 1062-1071.) that the mode ofaction of geraniol and other essential oils is neurological, vianeuroreceptors. Benzyl alcohol and Isopropyl myristate may act vianeuroreceptors; additionally, and/or alternatively, each may act viaphysical means (i.e., as a desiccant, a smothering agent, and/or a“stripping” agent that removes lipids from an insect's cuticle).Geraniol alone provided 10% mortality at four hours. Isopropyl myristatealone provided 0% mortality at four hours. Benzyl alcohol alone provided3% mortality at four hours. A combination of isopropyl myristate andbenzyl alcohol provided 70% mortality. A combination of isopropylmyristate and geraniol provided 57% mortality. A combination of geranioland benzyl alcohol provided 53% mortality. TT HL Killer provided 100%mortality at four hours post-treatment. See FIG. 1.

Example 2 Average Percent Mortality at 4 Hours Post-Treatment

Three treatment groups plus a water control: (1) TyraTech mousse: 2.5%(TT5096); (2) Rid Lice Killing Shampoo: 0.33% pyrethrins/4% PBO; (3) NixLice Treatment Creme Rinse: 1% permethrin. Standard dip method protocol,as described in Example 1, with ten minute or 30 minute exposure, afterwhich there was a water rinse. Ten lice/replicate (5 adults, 5immatures). Three replicates per treatment. Final KD and mortalityevaluated at 4 hours post-treatment. Pyrethroid/permethrin-resistanthead lice collected from human subjects and tested within 30 minutes.TyraTech's mousse formulation provided 100% mortality of insecticideresistant head lice when exposed for 30 minutes vs. 0% for the marketleaders Rid and 13% for Nix. See FIG. 2.

Example 3 Head Lice Repellency Using Treated Human Hair Tuffs

Human hair bundle bioassay. Assay was designed to test the repellency ofproducts against all stages of human head lice. Human head lice arecollected from patients and randomly placed into filter paper linedpetri dishes. Tuffs of hair 3-4 mm thick are treated and held in frontof a running louse. The procedure is replicated 20 times at a designatedtime period. It was noted whether the louse grab onto the hair andmeasure how far it traveled up the tuff.

Target species: Pediculus humanus capitis (Head Louse). Twenty TestSpecies per replication. Dip method used with 30 second exposure time.Treatment time was during the day, between 10 am and 3 pm. Evaluationparameters: Percent failure to attach and percent repellency. Minimumnumber of replicates: 20. Evaluation time points: 1 hour.

The collecting technicians washed their hands with antibacterial soapand rinsed in clean tap water, followed by a rinse in 70% alcohol toremove any possible contaminants. Using a lighted circular 15×magnifying lamp, the technicians removed the lice from heads of infestedindividuals with entomological forceps to avoid physical damage to thelice. These lice were placed in a glass Petri dish (5.5 cm) eachcontaining a 100% cotton circular cloth disk which was dampened withfiltered or distilled water to prevent the lice from dehydration.Specimens were examined with a 15× hand lens by the investigator forviability, intact legs and antennaes.

Human hair was collected and rolled into several 3-4 mm thick tuffs andcut to 5 cm long. To insure the tuffs did not fall apart, the tips ofthe hair tuffs were dipped into a heated and melted carnauba waxmixture. Once all lice were collected, the tuffs of hair were dippedinto bottles containing four substances and left to soak for 2 minutes.They were then stuck onto lab tape and left to hang. One hour aftertreatment testing was initiated. Lice were placed in the center of thepetri dish. An untreated hair bundle is presented to the lice for 30seconds. Lice which did not attach to the hair or migrate vertically upthe hair bundle more than 5 mm were excluded from the test and a newlouse was selected. A treated hair tuft was then presented to thequalified louse for a duration of 30 seconds and response was measured.It was noted whether the louse stopped in front of the hair (failed toattach) and/or grabbed ahold of the hair. Once the louse attached to thehair bundle the vertical distance traveled was measured using a ruler.If the louse attached to the bundle and traveled farther than 5 mm it iscategorized as non-repelled.

Louse must fit specific qualifications prior to test. Must not act orlook to be damaged or injured; must have all six legs. Louse had notbeen treated while on the patient at anytime. Louse was used within 4hour after the louse was collected off patient; while awaiting testing,louse was put into an environmental chamber with a temperature between31.7±2 degrees Celsius with relative humidity between 30-60 percent.

Four compositions were compared for repellent effect against louse.Control sample was water. TT Personal repellent: 10% of lice failed toattach to hair bundle within 30 secs; 40% considered repelled (i.e., didnot travel farther than 5 mm). TT Head Lice killer: 50% of the licefailed to attach; 90% repelled. Lice shield: 5% failed to attach; 75%repelled. TT Head Lice killer combined with 2.5% eucalyptus demonstrated100% repellency. See FIG. 3.

Example 4 Efficacy of TTN-0831 in Shampoo Base Versus Nix

Dip test, as described in Example 1, comparing TTN-0831 (5% active) inshampoo base at both 20 minute and 30 minute exposures,commercially-available Nix (1% permethrin active) at 10 minute exposure(per label instructions), and water control. Mortality was evaluated atfour hours post-treatment. The data (see Table 4) show that TTN-0831 atboth 20 and 30 minute exposure times was approximately 3 times moreeffective in controlling head lice than Nix (permethrin) shampoo. SeeFIG. 4. A commercially available shampoo was used for this example butthe shampoo base is considered to be generally interchangeable withother shampoos and the particular shampoo is not considered to be anessential component in the formulation.

TABLE 4 Percent mortality of lice 4 hours post-treatment. Head LicePercentage Dead TTN-0831 20 Minute Dip (N = 26) 85% TTN-0831 30 MinuteDip (N = 34) 88% Nix 10 Minute Dip (N = 20) 30% Water Control (N = 30) 0%

Example 5 In Vitro Efficacy Study Speed of Action

Dip test, as described in Example 1, comparing knockdown (KD) measuredin three treatment groups: TyraTech formulation, Rid, and Nix. Knockdownis determined when lice are inactive, no movement even when probed. HeadLice knockdown and mortality appears to occur rapidly (at 5 minutespost-treatment) with the TyraTech formulation—none of the lice recover,even at three hours post-treatment. Rid demonstrated some earlyknockdown but by 3 hours, 100% of the treated lice were activeindicating partial recovery and no mortality. 100% of the Nix treatedlice were fully or partially active at all post-treatment intervals withno mortality observed (i.e., inactive). These tests were performed onpyrethroid-resistant populations of lice. Formula optimization withbenzyl alcohol and dose response of each treatment group over time. SeeFIG. 5.

Example 6 In-Vivo Clinical Study

Randomized, open label clinical in-vivo study to compare average headlice control of TyraTech mousse formulations TT-5096 and TT-5062 againstcommercially available Nix crème rinse. The primary objective of thestudy was to compare the efficacy and safety of TyraTech mousse TT-5096formula against Nix on subject with head lice immediately following theinitial application, 7 days following the initial application (Day 8),and 14 days following the initial application (Day 15).

Inclusion criteria: male or female over the age of 4 with active headlice infestation of live lice at the screening visit and a presence ofnits who agree to not use any lice comb or any other pediculicides ormedicated hair grooming products for the duration of the study.Exclusion criteria: subjects had not used any other form of head licetreatment whether prescription or over-the-counter (OTC) or home remedyfor at least four (4) weeks prior to their Screening visit (Day 1);subjects had not used any topical medication of any kind on the hair fora period of 48 hours prior to the Screening visit; a history of allergyor hypersensitivity to ragweed or any ingredient in either test product;subjects with any visible skin/scalp condition at the treatment sitewhich, in the opinion of the investigative personnel, will interferewith the evaluation of the test product; Females who are pregnant ornursing.

Subjects had the test product applied on Day 1 by investigative sitepersonnel after it has been determined they are eligible for the study.The date and start time of the application of the test product wasrecorded as well as the time the hair is considered dry or start time ofthe rinse. The amount, by weight, of test product applied was recorded.Subjects were asked to abstain from taking prescription ornon-prescription medications for the treatment of lice other than thetest product beginning 4 weeks prior to the Screening visit through theend of the study. Subjects were also asked to abstain using any homeremedies for the treatment of lice other than the test product beginning4 weeks prior to the Screening visit through the end of the study. Anassessment of the hair and scalp was performed to determine the numberof live lice observed at pre-treatment on Day 1 and Day 8, immediatelypost-treatment on Day 1 and on Day 8, and on Days 15. An estimate of thenumber of nits present was made prior to treatment only. Each assessmentnoted the total number of live lice observed based on those observed inthe left, middle, and right side of the head. Demographic information isincluded in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Demographic information of test subjects. DemographicCharacteristics TT-5096 Nix n TT-5096 n Nix 33 % 31 % Gender Male 515.15 2 6.45 Female 27 81.82 29 93.55 Age mean 13.8 14.8 range 5, 42 4,50 Race White 31 93.94 27 87.10 Black 1 3.03 4 12.90 Ethnicity Hispanic23 69.70 23 74.19 Non-Hispanic 10 30.30 8 25.81 Hair Length Short 3 9.092 6.45 Medium 12 36.36 9 29.03 Long 15 45.45 17 54.84 Very Long 3 9.09 39.68 Hair Curliness Straight 14 42.42 12 38.71 Wavy 17 51.52 17 54.84Curly 2 6.06 2 6.45 Hair Texture Fine 1 3.03 8 25.81 Average 28 84.85 2167.74 Coarse 4 12.12 2 6.45

For the TyraTech mousse formulation TT-5096 treatment, test subject'shair was saturated with TyraTech mousse formulation TT-5096 and kept onfor 30 minutes; hair was rinsed with warm water and then shampooed withJohnson Baby Shampoo. No nit combs were used to test solely the activityof the mousse formulation. For the Nix Créme rinse treatment, testsubject's hair was saturated with Nix and kept on for 10 minutes, perlabel instructions; hair was rinsed with warm water and then toweleddry. Again, no nit combs were used. A sample size of 33 subjects in onegroup (TyraTech's head lice mousse) and 31 in the other group (Nix) is afeasible sample size to provide descriptive statistics for the efficacyand safety parameters. Secondary characteristics of the lice infestation(erythema, pruritus, infection, excoriation, and dry scalp) arecomparable across both treatment groups with exception of dry scalpwhere more TT-5096 subjects had a greater improvement than thosereceiving Nix (change from Baseline at Day 8 and 15).

Two treatment applications at day 1 and day 8. Results of the clinicalstudy (64 patients) demonstrated that TyraTech's head lice mousse (N=33)provided significantly higher reductions in head lice at day 1 (97%) andday 8 (99%) vs. Nix (N=31) at day 1 (71%) and day 8 (65%). Percentreductions of each treatment were based on pretreatment lice counts. Theoverall reduction at two weeks for the TyraTech mousse treatment droppedslightly to 82% (N=33) likely due to head lice re-infestation fromuntreated siblings. By two weeks (day 15), the Nix treatment had totallyfailed (0% with N=31); all test subjects had lice. This was largely dueto well documented insecticide resistance (permethrin) in the head licepopulation and lack of nit control. See FIG. 6.

FIG. 7 shows the percentage of test subjects lice free after reductionin head lice at one week (n=33) vs. 47% reduction with the Nix treatment(n=31). The first treatment was performed at day 1; the second treatmentwas performed at day 8. The data show that 85% of test subjects treatedwith the TyraTech formulation (TT-5096) were lice free after the firsttreatment, versus 55% of test subjects treated with Nix. The data showthat 97% of test subjects treated with the TyraTech formulation(TT-5096) were lice free after the second treatment, versus 70% of testsubjects treated with Nix. Following the initial treatment (Baseline),the percentage of subjects with no lice observed in the TT-5096 groupwas significantly higher than in the Nix group (84.85% (28/33), TT-5096;54.84% (17/31), Nix); however, one week later (Day 8) prior totreatment, those with no lice observed was similar across treatmentgroups (45.45% (15/33), TT-5096; 45.16% (14/31), Nix). Following repeattreatment on Day 8, TT-5096 was significantly more effective than Nixwhen looking at the number of subjects with no lice observed (96.97%(32/33), TT-5096, 74.19% (23/31), Nix). One week later at the Day 15visit, the percentage of subjects with no lice observed diminished fromthat post-treatment on Day 8 but was significantly greater in theTT-5096 group (51.52% (17/33), TT-5096, 25.81% (8/31), Nix) than in theNix group. The Killing Rate is significantly greater following use ofTT-5096 (82.1%) compared to Nix (10.2%). Table 6 contains raw data.

TABLE 6 Raw data of Efficacy Results of FIG. 7. TT-5096 Nix n TT-5096 nNix 33 % 31 % Day 1 Pre-treatment - mean 20.97 11.29 Day 1Pre-treatment - range 4, 107 4, 38  Day 1 Pre-treatment - standard 24.3910.10 deviation Day 1 Post-treatment - mean 0.61 3.32 Day 1Post-treatment - standard 1.54 8.22 deviation Day 1 Post-treatment - 95%0.53 2.89 confidence interval Day 1 Post-treatment - range 0, 6  0, 37 Day 1 - Number with NO lice 28 84.85 17 54.84 Post-Treatment Day 1Nits - mean 411.45 253.19 Day 1 Nits - range 38, 1100 8, 1010 Day 8Pre-treatment - mean 3.39 4.77 Day 8 Pre-treatment - standard 7.73 9.76deviation Day 8 Pre-treatment - 95% 2.64 3.43 confidence interval Day 8Pre-treatment - range 0, 43  4, 42  Day 8 Pre-treatment - NO lice 1545.45 14 45.16 Day 8 Post-treatment - mean 0.09 1.65 Day 8Post-treatment - standard 0.51 4.10 deviation Day 8 Post-treatment - 95%0.18 1.44 confidence interval Day 8 Post-treatment - range 0, 3  0, 20 Day 8 Post-treatment - NO lice 32 96.97 23 74.19 Day 15 - mean 2.8211.58 Day 15 - range 0, 22  0, 93  Day 15 - NO lice 17 51.52 8 25.81 Day15 - standard deviation 4.72 20.29 Day 15 - 95% confidence interval 1.617.14

Example 7 In Vitro Study 1 Hour Knockdown and 24 Hour Mortality

Three TyraTech formulations: TyraTech 2.5% B-5096 (2.5% B-5096),TyraTech 5% B-5096 (5% B-5096), and TyraTech 2.5% B-5062 (2.5% B-5062)were tested for 1 hr knockdown and 24-hour mortality against adult bodylice, Pediculus humanus humanus, using ASTM protocol E938-94, asfollows:

Place 25 adult lice, mixed sexes, in the bottom of the 9-dram testcontainer. Insert the screened plunger to keep the lice from floating tothe surface. Place the pediculicide to be tested in a 100-ml beaker andintroduce the beaker into a water bath maintained at 32° C. Allow thetest formulation temperature to stabilize prior to testing. Place the9-dram vial in the 100-ml pediculicide beaker, and keep the lice underthe pediculicide for 10 min. Remove the test container and blot thebottom of the container to remove any remaining liquid. Place the 9-dramvial into the 1000-ml beaker containing distilled water at 32° C. andagitate the container. At the end of 1 min, remove container, and gentlywash lice in a stream of distilled water (32° C.) from the wash bottlefor 1 min. Blot excess water with paper toweling. Transfer the lice to aclean 4 by 4-cm patch of dark corduroy cloth. Use a camel hair brush toremove any lice that remain in the container. Place corduroy patch in apetri dish. Place the petri dish with lice in an incubator maintained at31.7° C. and 60% RH. Make the first observation 1 h post treatment, andreplace the petri dish in the incubator. To make an observation, placethe lice on top of a patch in a petri dish, which is then placed on theslide warmer (31.7° C.). Lice not dead or morbid will move to the lowerpatch within 5 min. For the controls, repeat all of the aboveprocedures, substituting distilled water for the candidate pediculicide.

The average corrected knockdown and mortality are shown in Table 7:

TABLE 7 Percentage knockdown and mortality. 1-Hour 24-Hour FormulationKD (%) Mortality (%) Control 0 8.0 2.5% B-5096 49.6 20.9   5% B-509660.0 18.3 2.5% B-5062 82.4 63.5

The 2.5% B-5096 and 5% B-5096 formulations provided 49.6% and 60%knockdown at 1 hour respectively. The 2.5% B-5062 formulation provided82.4% knockdown at 1 hour. The 2.5% B-5096 and 5% B-5096 formulationsprovided 20.9% and 18.3% mortality respectively after Abbott'sformulation correction for control mortality. The 2.5% B-5062 provided63.5% mortality at 24 hours. There was no control knockdown at 1 hourbut there was 8.0% control mortality at 24 hours.

Example 8 In Vitro Study 1 Hour Knockdown and 24 Hour Mortality

Four TyraTech formulations: TyraTech 3% B-5062 (3% B-5062), TyraTech 5%B-5062 (5% B-5062), TyraTech 7% B-5062 (7% B-5062), and TyraTech 10%B-5062 (10% B-5062) were tested for 1 hr knockdown and 24-hour mortalityagainst adult body lice, Pediculus humanus humanus, using ASTM protocolE938-94, as described in Example 8. The average corrected knockdown andmortality are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Percentage knockdown and mortality. 1-Hour 24-Hour FormulationKD (%) Mortality (%) Control 4.0 7.2  3% B-5062 57.5 43.1  5% B-506257.5 51.7  7% B-5062 58.3 37.9 10% B-5062 66.7 33.6

None of the four formulations provided greater than 70% knockdown at 1hour. The 3% B-5062 and 5% B-5062 both caused 57.5% knockdown, the 7%B-5062 caused 58.3% knockdown and the 10% B-5062 provided 66.7%knockdown at 1 hour. The only formulation to cause greater than 50%mortality at 24 hours was the 5% B-5062. The 3% B-5062 caused 43.1%mortality, the 5% B-5062 caused 51.7% mortality, 7% B-5062 caused 37.9%mortality and the 10% B-5062 caused 33.6% mortality by 24 hours. Therewas 4.0% knockdown in the control at 1 hour and 7.2% mortality by 24hours. See FIG. 8.

Example 9 Comparison Against Dimeticone Product

Standard dip method protocol, as described in Example 1, comparing bothknockdown and kill of three compositions: (1) TyraTech F-4224; (2)Pouxit XF; and (3) TyraTech F-4224+2% dimeticone. Pouxit XF iscommercially available, with 4% dimeticone as its active ingredient. Allsamples were assessed at 5, 10, and 15 min exposures. Exposure times didnot significantly change efficacy for any of the treatments. TyraTechF-4224 and TyraTech F-4224+2% dimeticone are about 1½-2 hours faster toknockdown and kill versus Pouxit XF treatments. See FIGS. 9-12.

Example 10 Effect of the Addition of Benzyl Alcohol on Mortality

Standard dip method protocol, as described in Example 1. Efficacy(mortality) of the following compositions was measured four hourspost-treatment: (1) TyraTech composition 2.5% B-5096; (2) 5% B-5096; (3)2.5% B-5062; (4) 5% B-5062; (5) 2.5% B-5096+1.5% benzyl alcohol; (6)2.5% B-5062+1.5% benzyl alcohol; (7) 2.5% B-5096+3% benzyl alcohol; (8)2.5% B-5062+3% benzyl alcohol; (9) Lice Freee; (10) Rid; and (11)untreated water control. Both Rid and Lice Freee are commerciallyavailable products. The addition of benzyl alcohol improved theperformance of both TyraTech experimental compositions. Both Rid andLice Freee displayed 0% mortality at four hours. See FIG. 13.

Example 11 Effect of the Addition of Benzyl Alcohol on Knockdown

Standard dip method protocol, as described in Example 1. Efficacy(knockdown) of the following compositions was measured four hourspost-treatment: (1) TyraTech composition 2.5% B-5096; (2) 5% B-5096; (3)2.5% B-5062; (4) 5% B-5062; (5) 2.5% B-5096+1.5% benzyl alcohol; (6)2.5% B-5062+1.5% benzyl alcohol; (7) 2.5% B-5096+3% benzyl alcohol; (8)2.5% B-5062+3% benzyl alcohol; (9) Lice Freee; (10) Rid; and (11)untreated water control. Both Rid and Lice Freee are commerciallyavailable products. The addition of benzyl alcohol improved theperformance of both TyraTech experimental compositions. Rid provided100% knockdown at four hours, while Lice Freee provided 20%. See FIG.14.

Example 12

Standard dip method protocol, as described in Example 1. Dose responsestudy evaluating: exposure time (i.e., 10 min, 20 min, 30 min);composition (i.e., B-5096, B-5062); concentration of composition (i.e.,1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%); addition of benzyl alcohol; and concentration ofbenzyl alcohol. Three commercially available products (Rid, Nix, andLice Freee) were also evaluated. Rid provided 100% KD, 0% kill; Nix andLiceFreee about 36% KD, 13% kill. Take home: dose response by time andby concentration of specifically: Same increase activity as increaseconcentration of blend. Increase in activity in increase of timeexposed. See FIGS. 15 and 16.

TABLE 9 TyraTech test samples. Ingredients TT-A TT-B TT-C TT-D TT-E TT-FTT-Control B-5096 2.5 2.5 2 0 B-5062 2.5 2 1.5 0 Benzyl Alcohol 1.502.00 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 IPA, anhyd. 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.501.50 Butyl Lactate 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 Stepanol WAC,extra 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 Water 86.6 86.1 86.6 86.6 87.187.6 89.1 Germaben II 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 A-46 6.00 6.006.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00

Example 13 Efficacy of TT-4301 Against Lice Nits

This test method determines the effectiveness of ovicidal materials inliquid, gel, cream, or shampoo form against the ova (that is, eggs ornits) of the human louse, Pediculus humanus. Five replicates of 30 eggsare immersed in a test compound for a set period of time, washed,rinsed, blotted, dried, and incubated. Five control replicates areattached to human hair and processed as the treatment replicates, butwith immersion in water. Percent egg mortality, corrected by Abbott'sFormula, is determined.

Egg-infested hairs are attached to the end of a wooden applicator stickwith duct tape such that 30 nits are on 1 to 3 hairs. Each replicate of30 eggs is examined under a dissecting microscope to confirm viability.Any eggs that are shrunken or with other indications of being nonviableare excluded.

Use five replicates of each test formulation and five controlreplicates. Prepare 5 cohorts of eggs for each treatment to be testedincluding the control treatments. Each cohort consists of 30 eggs (oneto three hair shaft(s)) attached with duct tape to a wood applicatorstick. Heat the test samples to 32 degrees Celcius in the waterbath.Insert the taped ends (hairs) of the applicator sticks into the testsamples for 10 min of immersion. Wash the eggs in 900 mL of 32° C. tapwater for 1 min by vigorous up and down movement of the applicatorsticks with the hairs attached. Rinse the eggs with water from the washbottle for min. Blot excess water with paper toweling. Transfer the hairwith attached eggs to labeled petri dishes and incubate. Follow the sameprocedure for the control replications, except substitute tap water forthe test solution.

When all control eggs have hatched (after approximately 12 days),examine all replicates under a dissecting microscope to determine thenumbers hatching and failing to hatch. Failure to hatch is recorded asmortality. Categorize eggs failing to hatch as follows: (1) Early stage(no visible differentiation of the embryo when viewed under 30×); (2)Late stage (visible differentiation of embryo when viewed under 30×,typically eye spot is visible); and (3) Emergent (nymphal louse hasopened operculum and begun to emerge, but died before emergingcompletely-part of nymph's body still within egg shell).

Calculate the percentage of control eggs failing to hatch; if thisexceeds 15% the results should be discarded and the test repeated.Correct all counts of treated eggs failing to hatch by Abbott's Formula(corrected % killed=(% alive control−% alive treated)×100%+% alivecontrol). Confirm that the corrected mortality experienced by thepositive controls is 65 to 95%; if it is not, the results should bediscarded and the test repeated.

TT-4301 versus water. A nit is considered “controlled” by a treatmentwhen under any three of the categorizations, above (i.e., either the nitcompletely fails to emerge or the nit partially emerges, yet fails toobtain viability). 87.7% of nits treated with TT-4301 were controlledcompared to only 10.9% of nits treated with water. Further, there was a86.2% reduction of emerged nits in the treated group compared to thecontrol group. Results from both in-vitro and in-vivo testing showTyraTech's head lice formula has significant activity against nits.

The foregoing specific but non-limiting examples are included herein toillustrate the present invention, but are prophetic, notwithstanding thenumerical values, results and/or data referred to and contained therein.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the present inventionwithout departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Otherembodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in theart from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the Specification andExample be considered as exemplary only, and not intended to limit thescope and spirit of the invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients, properties such as reaction conditions, and so forth usedin the application are to be understood as being modified in allinstances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to thecontrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the Application areapproximations that may vary depending upon the desired propertiessought to be determined by the present invention.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the experimental or example sections are reported asprecisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently containcertain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation foundin their respective testing measurements.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. Allsuch references are incorporated herein by reference.

It is claimed:
 1. A composition for controlling arthropods, thecomposition comprising: 0.57 wt. % to 1.23 wt. % geraniol; 0.55 wt. % to1.19 wt. % isopropyl myristate; 1.05 wt. % to 2.25 wt. % benzyl alcohol;and 0.18 wt. % to 0.38 wt. % of a preservative, wherein the wt. % isbased on the total weight of the composition.
 2. The composition ofclaim 1, further comprising isopropyl alcohol and butyl lactate.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising a surfactant.
 4. Thecomposition of claim 1, further comprising vanillin.
 5. The compositionof claim 1, wherein the arthropods are lice.
 6. The composition of claim1, further comprising 1.05 wt. % to 2.25 wt. % isopropyl alcohol,wherein the wt. % is based on the total weight of the composition. 7.The composition of claim 1, further comprising 0.88 wt. % to 1.88 wt. %butyl lactate, wherein the wt. % is based on the total weight of thecomposition.
 8. The composition of claim 1, further comprising 0.13 wt.% to 0.29 wt. % vanillin, wherein the wt. % is based on the total weightof the composition.
 9. The composition of claim 1, further comprising4.20 wt. % to 9.00 wt. % hydrocarbon propellant, wherein the wt. % isbased on the total weight of the composition.
 10. The composition ofclaim 1, further comprising, 0.49 wt. % to 1.05 wt. % triethyl citrate,wherein the wt. % is based on total weight of the composition.
 11. Thecomposition of claim 1, comprising geraniol in an amount of 0.82 wt. %,isopropyl myristate in an amount of 0.79 wt. %, benzyl alcohol in anamount of 1.50 wt. %, isopropyl alcohol in an amount of 1.50 wt. %,butyl lactate in an amount of 1.25 wt. %, vanillin in an amount of 0.19wt. %, and triethyl citrate in an amount of 0.70 wt. %, wherein the wt.% is based on the total weight of the composition.
 12. A method forcontrolling lice comprising: applying an effective amount of thecomposition of claim 1 to a desired host, area, or object, wherein atleast 1% of lice exposed to the composition die.